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Notes
Notes
1. Thomas Robbins, "The Transformative Impact of the Study of New Religions on the Sociology of Religion," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27 (March 1988): 12-31.
2. See, for example, Thomas Robbins, Dick Anthony, and James Richardson, "Theory and Research on Today's 'New Religions,' " Sociological Analysis 39 (1978): 95-122; Thomas Robbins, "Sociological Studies of New Religious Movements: A Selective Review," Religious Studies Review 9 (July 1983): 233-239.
3. The classic of this genre is L. A. Festinger, H. W. Riecken, and S. Schachter, When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study of a Modern Group that Predicted the Destruction of the World (New York: Harper, 1956); for some other examples see John Lofland, Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966); Rex Davis and James T. Richardson, "The Organization and Functioning of the Children of God," Sociological Analysis 37 (Winter, 1976): 321-339; David G. Bromley and Anson D. Shupe, Jr., " Moonies" in America (Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1979); J. Stillson Judah, Hare Krishna and the Counterculture (New York: Wiley, 1974); James V. Downton, Sacred Journeys: The Conversion of Young Americans to Divine Light Mission (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); Robert W. Balch, "Looking Behind the Scenes in a Religious Cult: Implications for the Study of Conversion," Sociological Analysis (Summer, 1980): 137-143.
4. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Unwin University Books, 1930), 144-154; Ernst Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches, 2 vols., trans. Olive Wyon (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1931).
5. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Social Sources of Denominationalism (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1929).
6. See for examples, Benton Johnson, "A Critical Appraisal of the Church Sect Typology," American Sociological Review 22 (February 1957): 88-92; Calvin Redekop, "A New Look at Sect Development," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 6 (September 1974): 345-352; Andrew M. Greeley, The Denominational Society (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1972); Milton Yinger, The Scientific Study of Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1970); Bryan R. Wilson, Religious Sects (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970); Alan J. Winter, Continuities in the Sociology of Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1977).
7. Benton Johnson, "On Church and Sect," American Sociological Review 28 (August 1963): 539-549; see also Benton Johnson, "Church and Sect Revisited," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 10 (1971): 124-137.
8. Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), 19-96.
9. Ibid., 53-63.
8. Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, The Future of Religion: Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), 19-96.
9. Ibid., 53-63.
10. Laurence R. Iannaccone, "A Formal Model of Church and Sect," American Journal of Sociology 94, Supplement (1988): S241-S268; Gary S. Becker, The Economic Approach to Human Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
11. Iannaccone, "A Formal Model," S260.
12. Stark and Bainbridge, The Future of Religion, 24-26; Roy Wallis, "The Cult and Its Transformation," in Roy Wallis, Sectarianism (New York: Wiley, 1975), 35-49; Allan W. Eister, "Culture Crises and New Religious Movements: A Paradigmatic Statement of a Theory of Cults," in Irving I. Zaretsky and Mark P. Leone, Religious Movements in Contemporary America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), 612-627; Andrew J. Pavlos, The Cult Experience (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982).
13. Wileta Burch to Steven Gelber, March 1, 1989.
1 Genesis
1. For the sake of clarity, we will usually refer to the Rathbuns' movement as Sequoia Seminar prior to 1962, as Creative Initiative for the period between 1962 and 1982, and as Beyond War after 1982. Occasionally, however, we will use one of their numerous other names, particularly if we are also quoting material in which they use another name.
2. This One Thing: A Tribute to Henry Burton Sharman (Toronto: Student Christian Movement of Canada, 1959), 27-28; Donald L. Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do" (unpublished MS, 1986), 16.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 9, 27.
5. Ibid., 28.
2. This One Thing: A Tribute to Henry Burton Sharman (Toronto: Student Christian Movement of Canada, 1959), 27-28; Donald L. Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do" (unpublished MS, 1986), 16.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 9, 27.
5. Ibid., 28.
2. This One Thing: A Tribute to Henry Burton Sharman (Toronto: Student Christian Movement of Canada, 1959), 27-28; Donald L. Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do" (unpublished MS, 1986), 16.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 9, 27.
5. Ibid., 28.
2. This One Thing: A Tribute to Henry Burton Sharman (Toronto: Student Christian Movement of Canada, 1959), 27-28; Donald L. Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do" (unpublished MS, 1986), 16.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., 9, 27.
5. Ibid., 28.
6. "The Genesis of the Jesus Study Group: A Paper on the Work of H. B. Sharman Written in 1935 by an Anonymous Author," 1935: 1, Creative Initiative Archives. Harry Rathbun believed the piece was written by Abbie Lyon Sharman, Henry Sharman's wife. The title is slightly confused, but it is clear the author is referring to Henry Drummond, Natural Law in the Spiritual World (New York: A. L. Burt Co., 1892).
7. "The Genesis of the Jesus Study Group," 31; Donald Layton Kirkey, Jr., " 'Building the City of God': The Founding of the Student Christian Movement of Canada" (M.A. thesis, McMaster University, 1983), 107.
8. This One Thing, 31. The precise chronology is not clear. An undated YMCA announcement during Sharman's graduate-school days refers to four years as SVM general secretary and two years as YMCA Bible study secretary; "The Life of Christ," Winter Term Announcement (Central Department, YMCA of Chicago, n.d., c. 1901-1906), n.p., Henry Burton Sharman Papers.
9. This One Thing, 34.
10. "The Genesis of the Jesus Study Group," 4.
11. This One Thing, 34; for greater detail see Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do," 18-19.
12. "The Genesis of the Jesus Study Group," 5; "Interview on McGill Rock," August 1941, Creative Initiative Archives.
13. Ibid., 35.
14. Ibid., 35, 36; Cyrus LeRoy Baldridge, Time and Chance (New York: John Day Co., 1947), 76-78.
12. "The Genesis of the Jesus Study Group," 5; "Interview on McGill Rock," August 1941, Creative Initiative Archives.
13. Ibid., 35.
14. Ibid., 35, 36; Cyrus LeRoy Baldridge, Time and Chance (New York: John Day Co., 1947), 76-78.
12. "The Genesis of the Jesus Study Group," 5; "Interview on McGill Rock," August 1941, Creative Initiative Archives.
13. Ibid., 35.
14. Ibid., 35, 36; Cyrus LeRoy Baldridge, Time and Chance (New York: John Day Co., 1947), 76-78.
15. This One Thing, 37-38.
16. Henry Burton Sharman, Records in the Life of Jesus (New York: Association Press, 1917).
17. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 28, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
18. Henry Burton Sharman, Jesus in the Records (New York: Association Press), 1918.
19. This One Thing, 45-46, 49; for a complete discussion of Sharman's work in this period see, Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do," 24-28.
20. "The Life of Christ," Sharman papers.
21. Henry Burton Sharman, "Why Study the Life of Jesus?" The Intercollegian 36 (November 1918): 4.
22. "The Application of the Scientific Method to the Study of the Records of the Life of Jesus," Sharman Papers; also in Earl Willmott, et al., "Leaders Handbook," 1946: A-5, Creative Initiative Archives.
23. Mary McDermott Shideler, " Via Crucis: A Study of the Philosophy of Henry Burton Sharman," Sharman papers.
24. "The Application of the Scientific Method," A-5.
25. Ibid., A-6.
26. Ibid., A-9.
24. "The Application of the Scientific Method," A-5.
25. Ibid., A-6.
26. Ibid., A-9.
24. "The Application of the Scientific Method," A-5.
25. Ibid., A-6.
26. Ibid., A-9.
27. Rathbun interview, October 28, 1985.
28. Shideler, " Via Crucis, " 29.
29. Ibid., 2.
30. Ibid., 3.
31. Ibid., 6.
28. Shideler, " Via Crucis, " 29.
29. Ibid., 2.
30. Ibid., 3.
31. Ibid., 6.
28. Shideler, " Via Crucis, " 29.
29. Ibid., 2.
30. Ibid., 3.
31. Ibid., 6.
28. Shideler, " Via Crucis, " 29.
29. Ibid., 2.
30. Ibid., 3.
31. Ibid., 6.
32. Abbie Sharman to Sophia Fahs, July 23, 1942, Sharman papers.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
32. Abbie Sharman to Sophia Fahs, July 23, 1942, Sharman papers.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
32. Abbie Sharman to Sophia Fahs, July 23, 1942, Sharman papers.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
32. Abbie Sharman to Sophia Fahs, July 23, 1942, Sharman papers.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. "Prayer by Dr. H. B. Sharman," n.d.: 11, Creative Initiative Archives. This is apparently a verbatim transcript of Sharman's response to a question at a seminar.
37. Ibid., 12, original completely underlined.
38. Ibid., 13.
36. "Prayer by Dr. H. B. Sharman," n.d.: 11, Creative Initiative Archives. This is apparently a verbatim transcript of Sharman's response to a question at a seminar.
37. Ibid., 12, original completely underlined.
38. Ibid., 13.
36. "Prayer by Dr. H. B. Sharman," n.d.: 11, Creative Initiative Archives. This is apparently a verbatim transcript of Sharman's response to a question at a seminar.
37. Ibid., 12, original completely underlined.
38. Ibid., 13.
39. "Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation," n.d., Sharman papers.
40. Ibid.
39. "Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation," n.d., Sharman papers.
40. Ibid.
41. Shideler, 28.
42. Henry B. Sharman, memo, November 7, 1936, Creative Initiative Archives.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
42. Henry B. Sharman, memo, November 7, 1936, Creative Initiative Archives.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
42. Henry B. Sharman, memo, November 7, 1936, Creative Initiative Archives.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
44. Rathbun interview, October 28, 1985.
46. "Iota Sigma Seminar, 1945, at Camp Minnesing in Algonquin Park Ontario, Canada," Sharman papers.
47. Minnesing (resort brochure, 1946), Creative Initiative Archives.
48. "Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation," 1933: 4-5, Sharman papers.
49. This One Thing, 49.
50. "Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation," 1933: 2.
51. Rathbun interview, October 28, 1985.
52. Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiograpby (Marina del Rey, Calif.: De Vross & Co., 1981).
53. H. B. Sharman to Members of the Central Group, quoted in Earl Willmott, circular letter to the Central Group, no. 4, November 21, 1944, copy in possession of the authors; Alexander Grant, "Report on the Winter's Work, 1941-42," September 3, 1942, Sharman papers; H. B. Sharman to Alex Grant, quoted in Earl Willmott, circular letter to the Central Group, special no. 7A, January 20, 1945, copy in possession of authors; Harry Rathbun to Earl Willmott, "For Earl Personal and Confidential," January 19, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives; Harry Rathbun to Earl Willmott, January 19, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives; Earl Willmott to Central Group, September 6, 1944: 2, copy in possession of authors.
54. Earl Willmott to Central Group, circular letter, September 6, 1944, copy in possession of the authors.
55. "Meeting of Those Interested in Seminars and Method of Leadership, 8th August, 1944, Camp Minnesing" and "Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation, Minutes of Meeting, Camp Minnesing, 20.8.44," Sharman papers. The seven members of the Central Group were "Bill Archibald, Department of Physics, Dalhousie University, Halifax; Bert Baily, teacher of Biology in Westtown School, near Philadelphia; Alex Grant, formerly SCM secretary at McGill, for the last three years promoting and leading Jesus study groups in the universities of western Canada; Ralph Odom, recent graduate of Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, now at Pacific School of Religion, Berkeley; Dryden Phelps, graduate of Yale and Yale Divinity, teacher in departments of English and Religion in West China Union University for over twenty years; Dora Willson, teacher at Pendle Hill; and myself, Earl Willmott, graduate in civil engineering and later Education, work with students in West China for over twenty years. Glenn Olds, recent graduate of Garrett Biblical Institute, a Methodist minister; and Harry Rathbun, graduate in Engineering and Law, professor of International Law at Stanford University, Cal.," Earl Willmott to Central Group, no. 6, January 12, 1945, copy in possession of authors. To these were added "Herman Clark, professor of Physical Science at Willamette University, Salem, Oregon; Bob Chipman, professor of Physics in Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, and Jack McMichael, formerly leader in student organizations in America, SCM rep to China and now secretary of the Methodist Federation for Social Service." ''Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation, New Circular Number One," c. January 1945, Sharman papers.
56. "Alpha Psi Zeta Foundation, Minutes of Meeting, Camp Minnesing, 23.8.44," Sharman papers.
57. Quoted in Earl Willmott, circular letter to Central Group, no. 4, November 21, 1944: 3, copy in possession of authors.
58. See for example, the description of proposed activities in "Report of the Promotion Committee" [Camp Minnesing, 1944], Sharman papers.
59. "Earl Willmott to Central Group, no. 6," January 12, 1945, copy in possession of authors.
60. Ibid.
59. "Earl Willmott to Central Group, no. 6," January 12, 1945, copy in possession of authors.
60. Ibid.
61. Harry J. Rathbun to L. E. Willmott, Western Union Night Letter, January 15, 1945, copy in Creative Initiative Archives.
62. "Earl Willmott to Central Group, no. 8," January 17, 1945, copy in possession of authors.
63. Ralph [Odom] to Earl Willmott, February 28, 1945, copy in Creative Initiative Archives.
64. Harry Rathbun to Earl Willmott, January 19, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives; also, "Earl Willmott to Central Group, no. 8," January 17, 1945: 7.
65. For support for commitment as a precondition of participation, see Glenn Olds to Earl Willmott, n.d., copy in Creative Initiative Archives.
66. Ibid.
65. For support for commitment as a precondition of participation, see Glenn Olds to Earl Willmott, n.d., copy in Creative Initiative Archives.
66. Ibid.
67. Ralph Odom to Earl Willmott, February 28, 1945, copy in Creative Initiative Archives, emphasis in original; Ralph and Martha Odom had independently conceived of the idea of a separate religious community and written to the Rathbuns about it, Martha and Ralph Odom to Harry and Emilia Rathbun, March 21, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
68. Ibid.; Harry Rathbun to Glenn and Eva Olds, January 29, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
67. Ralph Odom to Earl Willmott, February 28, 1945, copy in Creative Initiative Archives, emphasis in original; Ralph and Martha Odom had independently conceived of the idea of a separate religious community and written to the Rathbuns about it, Martha and Ralph Odom to Harry and Emilia Rathbun, March 21, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
68. Ibid.; Harry Rathbun to Glenn and Eva Olds, January 29, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
69. Dryden Phelps, "Letter to the Central Group Relating Conversations in Berkeley with Rathbuns and Odoms: and with Dr. Sharman; and Dealing with Recent Issues Relative to the Foundation," March 13, 1945: 1, copy in possession of the authors.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., 2; the full spectrum of Earl Willmott's left-wing political views are set forth in a letter he wrote just before returning to China in 1946, Earl Willmott to Dear Ones Soon-to-be-left-behind, June 1, 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
69. Dryden Phelps, "Letter to the Central Group Relating Conversations in Berkeley with Rathbuns and Odoms: and with Dr. Sharman; and Dealing with Recent Issues Relative to the Foundation," March 13, 1945: 1, copy in possession of the authors.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., 2; the full spectrum of Earl Willmott's left-wing political views are set forth in a letter he wrote just before returning to China in 1946, Earl Willmott to Dear Ones Soon-to-be-left-behind, June 1, 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
69. Dryden Phelps, "Letter to the Central Group Relating Conversations in Berkeley with Rathbuns and Odoms: and with Dr. Sharman; and Dealing with Recent Issues Relative to the Foundation," March 13, 1945: 1, copy in possession of the authors.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., 2; the full spectrum of Earl Willmott's left-wing political views are set forth in a letter he wrote just before returning to China in 1946, Earl Willmott to Dear Ones Soon-to-be-left-behind, June 1, 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
72. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 14, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
73. Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do," 18, 33.
74. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, November 4, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
75. Bill Archibald to Henry B. Sharman, n.d., c. April 4, 1945, Sharman papers; Bruce Collier to Henry B. Sharman, March 28, 1948, Sharman papers.
76. Harry and Emilia Rathbun to Glenn and Eva Olds, January 29, 1945.
77. Earl Willmott, "Alpha Phi Zeta Foundation Discussions at Camp Minnesing 1945," 1, copy in possession of the authors.
78. Ibid., 3.
79. Ibid., 4.
77. Earl Willmott, "Alpha Phi Zeta Foundation Discussions at Camp Minnesing 1945," 1, copy in possession of the authors.
78. Ibid., 3.
79. Ibid., 4.
77. Earl Willmott, "Alpha Phi Zeta Foundation Discussions at Camp Minnesing 1945," 1, copy in possession of the authors.
78. Ibid., 3.
79. Ibid., 4.
80. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, November 11, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
81. Willmott, "Alpha Phi Zeta Foundation Discussions," 5-6.
82. Ibid., 10-12.
83. Ibid., 13-14; most of this description of events was taken from Earl Willmott's notes on the meetings. The Rathbun faction criticized them as being biased and incomplete, preferring instead a report by Alex Grant (who sided with the Rathbuns) that never mentions the Communist issue but focuses exclusively on organizational issues, Harry Rathbun to Bert Bailey, December 30, 1945; Harry Rathbun to Glenn Olds, November 2, 1945; Henry B. Sharman to Harry Rathbun, November 16, 1945; Alex Grant to Fellow Members of the Central Group, October 4, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
81. Willmott, "Alpha Phi Zeta Foundation Discussions," 5-6.
82. Ibid., 10-12.
83. Ibid., 13-14; most of this description of events was taken from Earl Willmott's notes on the meetings. The Rathbun faction criticized them as being biased and incomplete, preferring instead a report by Alex Grant (who sided with the Rathbuns) that never mentions the Communist issue but focuses exclusively on organizational issues, Harry Rathbun to Bert Bailey, December 30, 1945; Harry Rathbun to Glenn Olds, November 2, 1945; Henry B. Sharman to Harry Rathbun, November 16, 1945; Alex Grant to Fellow Members of the Central Group, October 4, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
81. Willmott, "Alpha Phi Zeta Foundation Discussions," 5-6.
82. Ibid., 10-12.
83. Ibid., 13-14; most of this description of events was taken from Earl Willmott's notes on the meetings. The Rathbun faction criticized them as being biased and incomplete, preferring instead a report by Alex Grant (who sided with the Rathbuns) that never mentions the Communist issue but focuses exclusively on organizational issues, Harry Rathbun to Bert Bailey, December 30, 1945; Harry Rathbun to Glenn Olds, November 2, 1945; Henry B. Sharman to Harry Rathbun, November 16, 1945; Alex Grant to Fellow Members of the Central Group, October 4, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
84. Earl Willmott, et al., to Co-worker with the Records, March 5, 1946, Sharman papers; Earl Willmott, et al., "Leader's Handbook," Creative Initiative Archives.
85. Henry B. Sharman to [Howard L.] Bronson, November 9, 1948, Sharman papers; Dora Willson, circular letter, June 1947, Sharman papers; Juliet D. Roby, circular letter, February 1949, Sharman papers; This One Thing, 71; Dora Willson and Elisabeth Trimmer, newsletters, c. 1946-1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
86. "Unpredictable," Time (January 1, 1951): 51; "Return of a Missionary," Time (February 4, 1952): 45; "Missionary Recalled to Explain Letter," The Christian Century (January 3, 1951): 5; Dryden Phelps to Harry Rathbun, November 13, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. Alvyn J. Austin, Saving China: Canadian Missionaries in the Middle Kingdom 1888-1959 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), 314.
88. Ibid., 318-319.
87. Alvyn J. Austin, Saving China: Canadian Missionaries in the Middle Kingdom 1888-1959 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), 314.
88. Ibid., 318-319.
89. Kirkey, "This One Thing I Do," 56-59.
90. Elizabeth B. Howes, "Appendix," in Walter Wink, The Bible in Human Transformation: Toward a New Paradigm for Biblical Study (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973), 84-90.
91. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984; "Biographical Information on Harry J. Rathbun, Professor of Law, Emeritus, at Stanford University," Creative Initiative Archives.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
91. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984; "Biographical Information on Harry J. Rathbun, Professor of Law, Emeritus, at Stanford University," Creative Initiative Archives.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
91. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984; "Biographical Information on Harry J. Rathbun, Professor of Law, Emeritus, at Stanford University," Creative Initiative Archives.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
91. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984; "Biographical Information on Harry J. Rathbun, Professor of Law, Emeritus, at Stanford University," Creative Initiative Archives.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Harry Rathbun, "The Trend Toward Peace," valedictory address to the Mitchell High School Commencement, June 1, 1911, Creative Initiative Archives.
96. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984; "Biographical Information."
97. Harry Rathbun, et al., Dear Friend circular letter, October 29, 1941, Creative Initiative Archives.
98. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984.
99. Ibid.
98. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984.
99. Ibid.
100. Palo Alto Times (December 25, 1959): n.p., clipping in Creative Initiative Archives.
101. Rathbun interview, November 4, 1984.
102. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984; calculations in folder marked "HJR, course info.," 1953, Creative Initiative Archives.
103. Harry Rathbun to J. E. Wallace Sterling, June 15, 1962, Creative Initiative Archives.
104. Ibid.
103. Harry Rathbun to J. E. Wallace Sterling, June 15, 1962, Creative Initiative Archives.
104. Ibid.
105. Tro Harper, "Bull Session: We Who Are About to Graduate," Stanford Daily (April 2, 1937): 6.
106. Rathbun interview, November 4, 1984; San Francisco Chronicle (July 20, 1977): 16.
107. Stanford Daily (June 2, 1950): n.p., clipping in Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (December 25, 1959): n.p., clipping in Creative Initiative Archives.
108. Betty Eisner to Henry B. Sharman, July 30, 1946, excerpt in Creative Initiative Archives.
109. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984.
110. [Harry Rathbun], "The 4 Absolutes," January 18, 1974: 4, notes, Creative Initiative Archives.
111. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
111. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
111. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
111. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
111. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid.
116. Donald Kirkey interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 5, 1982, Palo Alto, Calif.
117. Ibid.; interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984.
118. Ibid.; chronology of lives of Henry B. Sharman and Harry and Emilia Rathbun, c. 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
116. Donald Kirkey interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 5, 1982, Palo Alto, Calif.
117. Ibid.; interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984.
118. Ibid.; chronology of lives of Henry B. Sharman and Harry and Emilia Rathbun, c. 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
116. Donald Kirkey interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 5, 1982, Palo Alto, Calif.
117. Ibid.; interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984.
118. Ibid.; chronology of lives of Henry B. Sharman and Harry and Emilia Rathbun, c. 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
119. The Stanford Daily (June 27, 1933): 1; the group even attempted to hire a professional manager, Harry Rathbun to Carolyn E. Ware, March 6, 1934, Creative Initiative Archives.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
120. Rathbun interview, September 21, 1984.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.; Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiography, 31, 55-57, 61-63.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.; Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, September 20, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. Ibid.
127. Ibid.
128. Rathbun interview, October 14, 1984.
129. Harry Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, October 30, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
130. "The Sierra Seminar: A Study of the Life of Jesus to Discover the Source of His Achievement," 1935, Creative Initiative Archives; "Iota Sigma Seminar at Camp Minnesing in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada," 1936, Creative Initiative Archives.
131. "Southwest Seminar, Capitan, New Mexico," 1942, Creative Initiative Archives.
132. Earl Willmott and others to Co-Worker with the Records, March 5, 1946, Sharman papers; Dora Willson to Dear Friends, June, 1947, Sharman papers; Dryden Phelps to Dear Friends, April 15, 1953, Creative Initiative Archives.
133. "Sequoia Iota Sigma Seminar," announcements for 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, Creative Initiative Archives.
134. Handwritten notes, October 18, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives; interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, December 2, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.; John F. Woolverton, "Evangelical Protestantism and Alcoholism 1933-1962: Episcopalian Samuel Shoemaker, the Oxford Group and Alcoholics Anonymous," Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 52, no. 1 (1983): 53-65; Harry Rathbun, "The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous," n.d., c. 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
135. Ibid.
134. Handwritten notes, October 18, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives; interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, December 2, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.; John F. Woolverton, "Evangelical Protestantism and Alcoholism 1933-1962: Episcopalian Samuel Shoemaker, the Oxford Group and Alcoholics Anonymous," Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 52, no. 1 (1983): 53-65; Harry Rathbun, "The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous," n.d., c. 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
135. Ibid.
136. Harry Rathbun to Henry J. Kaiser, December 8, 1945, Creative Initiative Archives.
137. Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, October 11, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
138. Harry Rathbun to Merle Dennis, May 25, 1950, Creative Initiative Archives.
139. San Jose Mercury News (August 6, 1950): n.p., clipping in Creative Initiative Archives; Rathbun to Dennis, May 25, 1950; Leon and Lucille Carley to Sequoia People, July 3, 1950, Creative Initiative Archives.
140. "Sequoia Iota Sigma Seminar," announcement, 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
141. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1959," 1, Creative Initiative Archives; repeated verbatim in "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1960," 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
142. "Philosophy of Jesus as Teacher Study Group," First Congregational Church, Redwood City, California, c. 1956, Creative Initiative Archives; "Sequoia Seminar Planning Commitee, Minutes of Meeting, 3/17/56," Creative Initiative Archives.
143. "Leadership Seminar 1955, Discussion on Leadership," Creative Ininative Archives.
144. "S.S. Newsletter," November 1958: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
145. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, Richard Rathbun, Donald Fitton, and others, September 16, 1987, Palo Alto, Calif.
146. "Sequoia Seminar, Organizing and Operating Principles," December 24, 1955, Creative Initiative Archives.
147. "Sequoia Seminar, Operating Committees," May 13, 1956, revised October 3, 1956, Creative Initiative Archives.
148. "S.S. Newsletter," February, 1956, Creative Initiative Archives.
149. Hayden R. Anderson, "To the Policy Group of the Sequoia Seminar," May 28, 1959, Creative Initiative Archives; "Sequoia Seminar: Minutes of Planning Group Meeting, July 18, 1959," Creative Initiative Archives.
150. Sequoia Seminar rollbooks, 1947, 1948, 1955, Creative Initiative Archives.
151. "On Inviting People to Make a Study of the Records of the Life of Jesus at a Summer Seminar," n.d., c. 1959, Creative Initiative Archives; "Sequoia Seminar Planning Group, Brainstorming Ideas from Meeting of 2/21/59," Creative Initiative Archives.
152. Sequoia Seminar rollbooks, 1947-1959, Creative Initiative Archives.
153. "S.S. Newsletter," May 1957: 3, Betty Eisner papers.
154. "S.S. Newsletter," n.d., c. 1956: 1, Betty Eisner papers; "S.S. Newsletter," February 1959: 5, Betty Eisner papers.
155. Earl Willmott to Donald Kirkey, n.d., copy in authors' possession.
156. Will of Henry B. Sharman, Sharman papers.
157. Howard L. Bronson to Harry J. Rathbun, January 28, 1952, Creative Initiative Archives.
158. Newsletter, August 1951: 7, Betty Eisner papers; George Bahrs, et al., circular letter, November 16, 1954, Creative Initiative Archives.
159. "Sequoia Seminar Foundation, Statement of Income and Expenses, 1955," in "Sequoia Seminar Planning Committee, Minutes of Meeting, March 17, 1956," Creative Initiatives Archives.
160. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1957," Betty Eisner papers; Sequoia Seminar annual reports, 1958-1961, Creative Initiative Archives.
161. Sequoia Seminar rollbooks, 1947-1956, Creative Initiative Archives, "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1960," "Sequoia Seminar, Report of 1961," Creative Initiative Archives.
162. "Sequoia Seminar Planning Group, Brainstorming Ideas from Meeting of 2/21/59," Creative Initiative Archives.
163. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1957," Betty Eisner papers; "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1958," Creative Initiative Archives; John Levy, circular letter, June 15, 1957, Betty Eisner papers.
164. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1959," 2, Betty Eisner papers.
165. Ibid.; "Sequoia Seminar Planning Group, Brainstorming Ideas from Meeting of 2/21/59," Creative Initiative Archives.
164. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1959," 2, Betty Eisner papers.
165. Ibid.; "Sequoia Seminar Planning Group, Brainstorming Ideas from Meeting of 2/21/59," Creative Initiative Archives.
166. "Sequoia Seminar Planning Group . . . of 2/21/59."
2 Philosophy and Action in a Proto-Sect
1. Emilia Rathbun to Henry B. Sharman, October 11, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
2. Henry B. Sharman to Howard Bronson, November 9, 1948, Sharman papers.
3. Henry B. Sharman, "Introductory Lecture: The Choice Is Always Ours," September 6, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
4. Harry Rathbun to Buckley, November 7, 1941, Creative Initiative Archives.
5. Harry Rathbun to Merle E. Dennis, August 13, 1953, Creative Initiative Archives.
6. Sequoia Seminar rollbook, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
7. Interview with David and Nancy Manning, September 3, 1985, Carmel, Calif.
8. See for example, the letter from a father whose son was taking leave from medical school, Orion D. Wray to Harry Rathbun, March 14, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives; interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, November 25, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
9. Palo Alto Times (March 18, 1948): 7.
10. "Students Concerned, committed to unlimited responsibility An Educational Project," c. 1948, Creative Initiative Archives. This is one of several similarly titled statements issued by Students Concerned.
11. "Students Concerned, Committed to Unlimited Responsibility for making real One World, An Educational Project," Creative Initiative Archives; "Students Concerned, committed to unlimited responsibility An Educational Project."
12. "Students Concerned, committed to unlimited responsibility An Educational Project."
13. "Students Concerned, An Educational Project: Committed to unlimited responsibility for making One World," Creative Initiative Archives.
14. "Students Concerned: An Educational Project," Creative Initiative Archives.
15. "Students Concerned, Committed to unlimited responsibility for making real One World: An Educational Project," Creative Initiative Archives.
16. "Students Concerned, An Educational Project: Committed to unlimited responsibility for making real One World," Creative Initiative Archives; interview with David and Nancy Manning, September 3, 1985.
17. Francis Geddes to Harry and Emilia Rathbun, January 27, 1953, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, David E. Manning, letter to the editor, Stanford Daily, n.d., 1949: 49, clipping in Creative Initiative Archives.
18. Del Carlson, cartoon book and journal, c. 1948, Del Carlson papers, private collection.
19. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, November 25, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
20. Leola Baer, ed., "Dear Seminarians," newsletters, February 1951, August 1951, January 1952, Betty Eisner papers.
21. Notes, Continuation Seminar, 1952: 8, Creative Initiative Archives.
22. "Sequoia Seminar 1953," Creative Initiative Archives.
23. "1952 Continuation Seminar," July 1952, Creative Initiative Archives.
24. Emilia Rathbun, "Dear Brethren," c. 1959, Creative Initiative Archives.
25. Leola Baer, "Dear Seminarians," newsletter, August 1951, Betty Eisner papers.
26. "Sequoia Seminar, Schedule of Summer Seminars," 1958, 1959, Creative Initiative Archives.
27. "Offerings of Sequoia Seminar for the Summer of 1956," Creative Initiative Archives.
28. "S.S. Newsletter," February 1956, Betty Eisner papers.
29. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1960," Creative Initiative Archives.
30. Helen R. H. Nichol, "Sequoia Seminar," June 14-27, 1959: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
31. Frances Horn, I Want One Thing (Marina del Rey, Calif: De Vross & Co., 1981), 62-63; Elizabeth Boyden Howes to Steven Gelber, February 12, 1987.
32. Howes to Gelber, February 12, 1987.
33. John A. Sanford, ed., Fritz Kunkel: Selected Writings (New York: Paulist Press, 1984), 3-31; "Chronology," Creative Initiative Archives.
34. For a complete discussion of the history of the Oxford Group see, Elston John Hill, "Buchman and Buchmanism" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1970); also, Allan W. Eister, Drawing Room Conversion: A Sociological Account of the Oxford Group Movement (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1950), 28-65.
35. Henry B. Sharman to Abbie Lyon Sharman, April 29, 1932, Sharman papers.
36. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 28, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
37. Ibid.
36. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 28, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
37. Ibid.
38. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, September 21, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.; Harry Rathbun to Frederick S. Howes, November 27, 1935, Creative Initiative Archives.
39. Hill, "Buchman and Buchmanism," 284-295, 363-366.
40. Palo Alto Times (September 28, 1939): 5.
41. Harry Rathbun and others to Dear Friends, October 29, 1941, copy in Creative Initiative Archives.
42. Hill, "Buchman and Buchmanism," 55-57; Robert L. Harris, What Is the Oxford Group (San Francisco: The Church Book Shop, n.d.), pamphlet in Creative Initiative Archives.
43. "Spiritual Responsibility, Am I Prepared for It?" typescript marked "O.G. [Oxford Group] Adele Beard," 1936, Creative Initiative Archives.
44. "Gerald Heard: Author, Historian, Philosopher, Lecturer," publicity flyer, c. 1950, Creative Initiative Archives.
45. "Residence at Trabuco," 2, Creative Initiative Archives; "The Way of Life at Trabuco," Creative Initiative Archives.
46. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, November 18, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
47. Ibid.
46. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, November 18, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
47. Ibid.
48. Harry Rathbun to Betty Eisner, August 10, 1946, Eisner papers.
49. Howard Louis Love, "Gerald Heard's Natural Theology in Relation to
the Philosophy of Henri Bergson" (Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1962), 77-92.
50. Ibid., 112-127.
51. Ibid., 128-132.
49. Howard Louis Love, "Gerald Heard's Natural Theology in Relation to
the Philosophy of Henri Bergson" (Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1962), 77-92.
50. Ibid., 112-127.
51. Ibid., 128-132.
49. Howard Louis Love, "Gerald Heard's Natural Theology in Relation to
the Philosophy of Henri Bergson" (Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1962), 77-92.
50. Ibid., 112-127.
51. Ibid., 128-132.
52. Gerald Heard, A Preface to Prayer (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1944), xiv.
53. Love, "Gerald Heard," 213-232.
54. Heard conducted a seminar specifically for Sequoia Seminar participants for a weekend in 1954 and for two weeks in 1955. "Sequoia Seminar, Week-End Seminar-Retreat with Gerald Heard, Ben Lomond April 10-11, 1954," Creative Initiative Archives; "Sequoia Seminar, Leadership Seminar, August 1 to 14, 1955," Creative Initiative Archives; John L. Levy, "Gerald Heard Seminar 1955: A Personal Evaluation," Creative Initiative Archives.
55. "Sequoia Iota Sigma Seminar: A Critical and Constructive Contribution to Individual Man's Most Central Need," 1946, Creative Initiative Archives.
56. "Sequoia Iota Sigma Seminar: Devoted to discovery of the answer to the world's most pressing problems," 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
57. "Sequoia Seminar," c. 1956, Creative Initiative Archives.
58. "Sequoia Seminar," 1956: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
59. Ibid.
58. "Sequoia Seminar," 1956: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
59. Ibid.
60. Henry B. Sharman, "Introductory Lecture," seminar at Carmel, Calif., September 6, 1948, Creative Initiative Archives.
61. Notes, Continuation Seminar, 1952: 35, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. Ibid., 30.
61. Notes, Continuation Seminar, 1952: 35, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. Ibid., 30.
63. "Sequoia Seminar Planning Committee, Minutes of Meeting," March 17, 1956: 4-5, Creative Initiative Archives.
64. Interview with Del Carlson, September 1, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
65. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," c. 1959: 6, Creative Initiative Archives.
66. Ibid., 10.
65. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," c. 1959: 6, Creative Initiative Archives.
66. Ibid., 10.
67. Notes, Continuation Seminar, 1952, 21-23.
68. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," 10-12.
69. Ibid., 16.
70. Ibid., 29.
71. Ibid., 30.
72. Ibid., 35.
68. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," 10-12.
69. Ibid., 16.
70. Ibid., 29.
71. Ibid., 30.
72. Ibid., 35.
68. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," 10-12.
69. Ibid., 16.
70. Ibid., 29.
71. Ibid., 30.
72. Ibid., 35.
68. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," 10-12.
69. Ibid., 16.
70. Ibid., 29.
71. Ibid., 30.
72. Ibid., 35.
68. "Sequoia Seminar, Post Seminar Groups, Leadership Handbook," 10-12.
69. Ibid., 16.
70. Ibid., 29.
71. Ibid., 30.
72. Ibid., 35.
73. Harry Rathbun, "What's Ahead," c. 1947, Creative Initiative Archives.
74. Harry Rathbun, "The Future of Man," 15-17, sermon to the Unitarian Church of San Mateo, April 1966, Creative Initiative Archives.
75. Harry Rathbun, The Pursuit of Happiness, speech to the Eighteenth Stanford Business Conference, July 20, 1959: 5, Creative Initiative Archives.
76. Rathbun, "What's Ahead," 8.
77. Harry Rathbun, "Youth's Ideals in a World at War," speech to Junior College Deans' Section of the National Association of Deans of Women, February 20, 1942: 6, Creative Initiative Archives; Sinombre [Harry Rathbun],
"Primer for Living: A Manual of Discipline for the Passengers and Crew of Spaceship Earth," 1975: 70, Creative Initiative Archives.
78. Harry Rathbun, "Human Challenge of the Nuclear Age," speech to Ninth Annual Better Business Relations Conference, September 25-29, 1960: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
79. Ibid.
78. Harry Rathbun, "Human Challenge of the Nuclear Age," speech to Ninth Annual Better Business Relations Conference, September 25-29, 1960: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
79. Ibid.
80. Rathbun, "Youth's Ideals in a World at War," 11, emphasis added.
81. Personal comment, Sequoia Seminar rollbook, 1953: 36, Creative Initiative Archives.
82. Rathbun, "Youth's Ideals in a World at War," 9.
83. Interview with John Levy, February 20, 1985, San Francisco, Calif.
84. Memo, c. 1950, Creative Initiative Archives.
85. Telephone interview with Betty Eisner, September 9, 1985; newsletter, August 1951: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
86. Notes from Continuation Seminar, 1952: 7, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. Ibid.
86. Notes from Continuation Seminar, 1952: 7, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. Ibid.
88. "S.S. Newsletter," September 1966, Betty Eisner papers.
89. "Some Notes on the Group Understanding of Dreams," c. 1957, Creative Initiative Archives.
90. "Sequoia Seminar, Report for 1957," 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
91. "Dear Sequoia Seminarian," January 15, 1958: 2-3, circular letter, Betty Eisner papers; also "Dear Sequoia Seminarian," February 6, 1959: 1-3, circular letter, Creative Initiative Archives.
92. Emilia Rathbun, "Dear Brethren," c. 1959, Creative Initiative Archives.
93. Carlson interview, November 1, 1985.
94. Walter Truett Anderson, The Upstart Spring: Esalen and the American Awakening (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983), 59-62.
95. Interview with Willis Harman, August 23, 1985, Stanford, Calif.
96. Harmon interview; Eisner interview; interview with Ray and Pat Jacobsen, August 5, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
97. Harmon interview; Levy interview; interview with Jean and Louis Sloss and Norma Lyman, August 2, 1985, Forestville, Calif.; Anderson, Upstart Spring, 72.
98. Herman Clark to H. L. Bronson, December 5, 1958, copy in Creative Initiative Archives; Harry Rathbun to the Trustees of the Sharman Will, December 15, 1958, Creative Initiative Archives.
99. H. L. Bronson to Harry Rathbun, January 7, 1959, Creative Initiative Archives.
100. Glenn Olds to Harry Rathbun, January 13, 1959, Creative Initiative Archives.
3 The New Religion of the Third Age
1. Interview with Emilia Rathbun and Virginia Fitton, February 19, 1988, Palo Alto, Calif.
2. Ibid.
1. Interview with Emilia Rathbun and Virginia Fitton, February 19, 1988, Palo Alto, Calif.
2. Ibid.
3. Interview with Elsie Westfall, July 5, 1987, San Jose, Calif.
4. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
5. Interview with John Levy, February 20, 1985, San Francisco; interview with Del Carlson, September 1, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
6. Ibid.
5. Interview with John Levy, February 20, 1985, San Francisco; interview with Del Carlson, September 1, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
6. Ibid.
7. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, December 23, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
8. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, November 18, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
9. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
10. [Harry Rathbun], ''The 4 Absolutes," notes, January 18, 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
11. Frances Horn, I Want One Thing: An Autobiograpby (Marina del Rey, Calif.: De Vross & Co., 1981), 64-65.
12. Fred Howes to Henry B. Sharman, August 8, 1937, Sharman papers; Fred Howes to Elizabeth Howes, March 21, 1940, copy in Sharman papers; Fred Howes to Henry B. Sharman, February 1, 1941, Sharman papers.
13. Elizabeth Boyden Howes to Henry B. Sharman, November 16, 1939, Sharman papers.
14. Henry B. Sharman to Elizabeth Boyden Howes, November 18, 1939, Creative Initiative Archives.
15. Elizabeth Boyden Howes to Henry B. Sharman, December 21, 1939, Sharman papers.
16. Dora Willson to Elizabeth Boyden Howes, February 8, 1940, Creative Initiative Archives.
17. Carlson interview: interview with Louis and Jean Elsa Sloss and Norma Lyman, September 13, 1985, Forestville, Calif.; interview with Gordon and Joyce Tappan, August 2, 1985, Sonoma, Calif.
18. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
19. "1952 Continuation Seminar," July 5 to July 19, 1952, Creative Initiative Archives.
20. Tape-recorded discussion between Del Carlson and Emilia Rathbun, December 31, 1958, copy in possession of authors.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
20. Tape-recorded discussion between Del Carlson and Emilia Rathbun, December 31, 1958, copy in possession of authors.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
20. Tape-recorded discussion between Del Carlson and Emilia Rathbun, December 31, 1958, copy in possession of authors.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Sloss and Lyman interview.
24. Ibid.; interview with John Levy, January 20, 1985, San Francisco.
23. Sloss and Lyman interview.
24. Ibid.; interview with John Levy, January 20, 1985, San Francisco.
25. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
26. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
27. Ibid.
26. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
27. Ibid.
28. Carlson interview.
29. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
30. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
30. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
30. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
30. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Telephone interview with Betty Eisner, July 5, 1985; Carlson interview; Levy interview; Rathbun and Fitton interview.
35. Emilia Rathbun, "key words," May 8, 1960, Rathbun papers.
36. Ibid.
35. Emilia Rathbun, "key words," May 8, 1960, Rathbun papers.
36. Ibid.
37. Carlson interview.
38. Emilia Rathbun, "key words."
39. William Proctor to Emilia Rathbun, February 2, 1985, Creative Initiative Archives.
40. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
41. Ibid.
40. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
41. Ibid.
42. In this case she may have been following a pattern common among creative people. See, George Pickering, Creative Malady: Illness in the Lives and Minds of Charles Darwin, Florence Nightingale, Mary Baker Eddy, Sigmund Freud, Marcel Proust, Elizabeth Barrett Browning (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974).
43. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
43. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
43. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun interview, November 25, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
47. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
48. Rathbun interview, November 25, 1985.
49. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1985.
50. Emilia Rathbun, "My Commitment Is to God Himself . . ." meditation, n.d., Rathbun papers.
51. Rathbun interview, November 25, 1985.
52. Emilia Rathbun, "Luke 13 vs. 28-30; Explanation," c. 1976: 1, Rathbun papers.
53. Emilia Rathbun, "Once my soul was born . . . ," c. 1962, Rathbun papers.
54. Emilia Rathbun, "There is a Gnostic plane . . ." Rathbun papers.
55. Emilia Rathbun, "There is authority," c. 1962, Rathbun papers.
56. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
57. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
58. Ibid.
57. Rathbun and Fitton interview.
58. Ibid.
59. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1985.
60. "The Passing of the Portals of the Temple," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
61. Rathbun interview, November 24, 1984.
62. "Dawn Ceremony," Ceremony Book, Creative Initiative Archives.
63. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, December 2, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
64. Ibid.
63. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, December 2, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
64. Ibid.
65. Interview with Donald and Virginia Fitton, January 25, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
66. "The Blue, Blue Lake," c. 1962, Creative Initiative Archives.
67. "The First Paper," c. 1962, Creative Initiative Archives.
68. Rathbun interview, December 2, 1984.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
68. Rathbun interview, December 2, 1984.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
68. Rathbun interview, December 2, 1984.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
68. Rathbun interview, December 2, 1984.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ceremony Book, Creative Initiative Archives.
73. "The Able Ceremony," Ceremony Book, Creative Initiative Archives.
74. Rathbun interview, November 18, 1984.
75. "The Able Ceremony."
76. Ibid.
75. "The Able Ceremony."
76. Ibid.
77. See chap. 5.
78. Beverly Sorenson, "Dr. Robert G. Albertson," Creative Initiative Archives.
79. Ibid.
78. Beverly Sorenson, "Dr. Robert G. Albertson," Creative Initiative Archives.
79. Ibid.
80. Rathbun Interview, December 2, 1984.
81. The Gospel According to Thomas, trans. A. Guillaumont, et al. (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), 99:21-26.
82. Rathbun interview, December 2, 1984.
83. See, for example, Max Weber, "The Sociology of Charismatic Authority," in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 245-252.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
84. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987).
85. Ibid., 51.
86. Ibid., 57.
87. Ibid., 70.
88. Ibid., 71.
89. Ibid., 71.
90. Ibid., 101-127.
91. Ibid., 112.
92. Ibid., 113.
93. Ibid., 116.
94. Rathbun interview, November 25, 1985.
95. Bradley, Charisma, 178.
96. "First Spring Maiden Ceremony," Ceremony Book. These ceremonies developed in greater detail over time for example, the "Spring Maiden Ceremony" 1970-1971, Creative Initiative Archives; telephone interview with Pixie Hammond, July 15, 1988.
97. "Eagle Program," 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
98. "The Eagle Ceremony," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
99. Rathbun interview, December 23, 1984.
100. "The Secret of Light," 1965, mimeographed program, Creative Initiative Archives. The full text of the program was included in an illustrated cartoon version for distribution to children.
101. Palo Alto Times (December 11, 1967): II, 13; Christmas House, 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
102. The most obvious of these later events were "Bless Man" and "13 Is a Mystical Number." See chap. 7.
103. Rathbun interview, December 23, 1984.
104. Interview with James and Wileta Burch, December 26, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
105. Interview with Donald and Juana Mueller, August 8, 1985, Long Beach, Calif.
106. Somewhat confusingly, the term was also used to designate those who had passed through the seminar process to the point of initiation. Subsequently, the Passover Ceremony was repeated annually for a number of years, providing an occasion for the incorporation of new members and a renewal of vows for those already associated with the group.
107. "Passover Ceremony," 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. Ibid.
107. "Passover Ceremony," 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. Ibid.
109. Mueller interview, August 8, 1985.
110. "Why We Have a Blessman Calendar," 1977, Creative Initiative Archives; "Overview of the Symbolism in the Adam/Eve Ceremony," c. 1978, Ceremony Book; "Ceremony of the 12," n.d., Ceremony Book; "Days of Meditation and Prayer,'' 1976, Creative Initiative Archives; "Mary Ceremony, 1977," Ceremony Book; "Days of Awe Ceremony," 1980, Creative Initiative Archives; "New Beginnings, Overview," c. 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
111. "Preparation for Candles of Light Ceremony: Leader's Guide," 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
112. Mueller interview, August 8, 1965.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
112. Mueller interview, August 8, 1965.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
112. Mueller interview, August 8, 1965.
113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
4 Surrendering: The Process of Personal Transformation
1. Harry Rathbun, "Self-Help Manual for a Life of Rich Meaning, designed for those blessed with the Divine Discontent, to Accompany the study of the book, Creative Initiative: Guide to Fulfillment and other supplementary readings which help toward enlightenment," 1978: 17, Creative Initiative Archives.
2. "A Seminar Outline revised June 4th," 1974: 1. Creative Initiative Archives.
3. See for example, "Syllabus for the Unitive Principle: God and Man Curriculum Series," 1972: 7, Creative Initiative Archives; "God, Soul, Reality, God as Secondary Manif[estation]," 1, small handwritten notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
4. Emilia also used the expression "now-present-in-the-flesh-Christ," "Purpose of the Jesus Seminar," n.d.: 2, typescript, Creative Initiative Archives.
5. "We Are One," c. 1973, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, "From the
beginning of time . . .," n.d.: 4, Creative Initiative Archives; and "Star of Fulfillment, Quest for Meaning Seminar," June 1979: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
6. [Emilia Rathbun], "We believe that this is a historical time . . ." c. 1966, James and Wileta Burch papers.
7. Rathbun, "Self-Help Manual," 17.
8. "Meditation on God," 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
9. "A Seminar Outline revised June 4th," 1974: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
10. "What Is God," 1979: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
11. "Thoughts on beauty for leaders to ponder," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
12. "The Teaching of Jesus: Course I," 1980: 6, Creative Initiative Archives.
13. "Challenge to Change: Series of 7 Sessions," October-November 1969: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
14. Harry Rathbun, "A Skeptic Quizzes God: Fifteen Imaginary Conversations on Matters of Moment, c. 1980, "Seventh Conversation," 4, Creative Initiative Archives; virtually the same thing is repeated in Rathbun, "A Skeptic Quizzes God," "Ninth Conversation," 1; see also Harry Rathbun, Creative Initiative: Guide to Fulfillment (Palo Alto, Calif.: Creative Initiative Foundation, 1976),13.
15. "Introduction to Personal Fulfillment, Three Session Course, Leader's Manual," 1977: 6, Creative Initiative Archives.
16. Teilhard's ideas are most completely spelled out in Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1955, 1959), but are repeated in many of his other works including, The Heart of Matter (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976, 1978), Activation of Energy (London: William Collins Sons, 1963, 1970), and Building the Earth (Wilkes-Barre, Pa.: Dimension Books, 1965), which was used as a textbook for some early courses; "New Sphere, Leaders' Manual," February 1966: 7-9, Burch papers; the influence of Teilhard is also evident in the Evolution of Consciousness Program that was based heavily on The Phenomenon of Man see, "E.O.C. Program," c. 1972, Creative Initiative Archives; also "New Curriculum, Orientation Session #1," n.d.: 10, Creative Initiative Archives.
17. "The Story of Man's Evolution," June 1967: 1-2, Creative Initiative Archives; Rathbun, Creative Initiative: Guide to Fulfillment, 11-12.
18. Rathbun, Creative Initiative: Guide to Fulfillment, 11-12.
19. "Introductory Weekend Curriculum, September 1979," Creative Initiative Archives.
20. Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972).
21. Frieda Fordham, An Introduction to Jung's Psychology (New York: Penguin Books, 1953), 77-79.
22. Ibid.
21. Frieda Fordham, An Introduction to Jung's Psychology (New York: Penguin Books, 1953), 77-79.
22. Ibid.
23. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 12.
24. "The Challenge of Time," Revised Curriculum, March 29, 1973: 5, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 14.
25. "Tree of Life, Supplemental Materials," "Evolution & the Function of Emotion in Higher Man," c. 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
26. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 12; "Affirmation," c. 1966, Burch papers.
27. "Identity Year Level I (Pre-Jesus), Overview," 1979: 1, Creative Initiative Archives, emphasis added.
28. "The Position on Which We Stand," Burch papers, emphasis added.
29. "The Challenge of Time, Series of 5 sessions, October 27-December 5, 1969," 4, Creative Initiative Archives.
30. Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man, 103-140.
31. "Evolution of Consciousness: Concept Outline," November 3, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
32. "New Sphere: An Experiment in Self-Directed History," April-May, 1967: 1-4, 6-7, Creative Initiative Archives.
33. "We are a community . . ." c. 1966, Burch papers.
34. Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man, 180-213; Henry R. Luce, "A Great Thinker's Joyful Vision: The Spiritual Perfection of Mankind," Life (October 16, 1964): 12.
35. Wileta Burch, "Wednesday Night Put-Out: 'A' Seminar, 1973," 3, Burch papers; see also "Introduction to Personal Fulfillment, Three Session Course, Leader's Manual," 1977: 10, Creative Initiative Archives; Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 14-15; Curriculum for "Wholeness series," n.d.: 3, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, "The Levels of Perception," 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
36. Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 15; small handwritten notebook, n.d., Creative Initiative Archives; see also "The Challenge of Time, Leader's Syllabus," 1964: 15, Creative Initiative Archives; and "The Flowering of the Soul: What does it mean? How can it happen?" c. 1980, typescript course outline, Creative Initiative Archives; "The Challenge of Time, Leader's Syllabus," 1974: 9, Creative Initiative Archives.
37. "Book of John," 1976: 14, Creative Initiative Archives.
38. Ibid.; [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 49.
37. "Book of John," 1976: 14, Creative Initiative Archives.
38. Ibid.; [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 49.
39. "Syllabus for the Unitive Principle: God and Man, Curriculum Series," 1972: 15-16, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, "B Curriculum, Outline for Overview," August 24, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
40. "B Curriculum, Outline for Overview," 17.
41. Ibid.
40. "B Curriculum, Outline for Overview," 17.
41. Ibid.
42. Emilia Rathbun, talk to "A" Seminar, June 23, 1971, Burch papers.
43. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar, 11/5/78-11/10/78," 28, Burch papers.
44. "Agenda," pt. 5, "Prayer," January 1965, Burch papers.
45. "Prayer and Third Level Existence," c. 1963, 1-2, Creative Initiative Archives; "Prayer," c. 1965, Creative Initiative Archives.
46. "The Challenge of Time," 1976: 9, Creative Initiative Archives.
47. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 90, 93.
48. "The Levels of Perception," chap. 6, "Social Outcome: The Seventh Stage," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
49. "The Kingdom of God, (Jesus as Teacher, Section 34)," 1977: 1-2, Creative Initiative Archives.
50. "Critical Approach to the Records," "Withdrawal of Jesus to the Wilderness," n.d.: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
51. Ibid., 3.
50. "Critical Approach to the Records," "Withdrawal of Jesus to the Wilderness," n.d.: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
51. Ibid., 3.
52. "Our Philosophy," n.d., mimeographed fragment, Creative Initiative Archives; "Statement on Goals," n.d.: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; "Challenge to Change, Overview," n.d.: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; "The Challenge of Time," March 29, 1973: 8, Creative Initiative Archives.
53. "The Levels of Perception," chap. 6, "Social Outcome," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, Jim Burch, talk to men's symposium, May 15, 1966: 2-3, Burch papers.
54. "Statement on Goals," n.d.: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
55. "Authority, Mission, Integrity," 1972: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
56. "New Curriculum, Orientation Session #2," n.d.: 10, Creative Initiative Archives.
57. See chap. 1, 17-26.
58. See for example, [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 64; "Authority Seminar," "God as Creator and Authority," 1979, Creative Initiative Archives; also Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 76-77; "Syllabus for the Unitive Principle: God and Man, Curriculum Series," 1972: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
59. "C Seminar, 1974: A Transitional Seminar from the Psychological to the Religious," "God Image," 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
60. "Critical Approach to the Records," "The Authority Issue," n.d.: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
61. "A Seminar Outline Revised June 4th," "Authority," 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. Ibid., emphasis added.
61. "A Seminar Outline Revised June 4th," "Authority," 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. Ibid., emphasis added.
63. [Wileta Burch?], "Notes from Jesus III Seminar, 11/5/78-11/10/78, plus discussion on Love, resistance, hate; Origin of evil; Resolving conflict, from January 1979," vii, Burch papers.
64. Ibid., 2.
63. [Wileta Burch?], "Notes from Jesus III Seminar, 11/5/78-11/10/78, plus discussion on Love, resistance, hate; Origin of evil; Resolving conflict, from January 1979," vii, Burch papers.
64. Ibid., 2.
65. "The Teaching of Jesus: Course I," 1980: 10, Creative Initiative Archives; Rathbun, "A Skeptic Quizzes God," "Fifteenth Conversation," 22; [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 72.
66. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 61-62; almost all the points on love are also repeated in Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 95-100.
67. Earle Reynolds, The Center Is Quaker: A Personal History of Ben Lomond Quaker Center (Ben Lomond, Calif.: privately printed, n.d.), 14-15.
68. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 62.
69. Ibid.
68. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 62.
69. Ibid.
70. "Authority Seminar," 1979: 8, Creative Initiative Archives.
71. "Positive Self-Assessment," 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
72. This course reached its culmination in 1976 as the Attitude Motivation Responsibility (AMR) Course, "Self-Assessment"; see "Attitude Motivation
Responsibility, Course #1076, Self-Assessment," 1976, Creative Initiative Archives.
73. For an early example where the process was called "reconditioning," see "New Sphere, Syllabus," February 1966: 3, Burch papers.
74. "The Personal Journey and the Religious Life, Facilitator's Guide and Assignments for Participants," 1982: I-III, Creative Initiative Archives.
75. Questionnaire 13, summer, 1986.
76. Questionnaire 14, summer, 1986.
77. Questionnaire 9, summer, 1986.
78. Questionnaire 10, summer, 1986.
79. Questionnaire 15, summer, 1986.
80. Questionnaire 27, summer, 1986.
81. "The Challenge to Change, Overview," n.d.: 1, 81, Creative Initiative Archives; "The Challenge of Time," revised curriculum, March 29, 1973: 12, Creative Initiative Archives; late in their work they referred to conditioning as the "existential self," Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 42-43.
82. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 19.
83. "Women's Destiny: An Enlightened Mind," 1982: 5, Burch papers.
84. "Jesus Seminar, 1977," "The Baptism Experience," Burch papers.
85. Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 67.
86. "C Seminar, 1974: A Transitional Seminar from the Psychological to the Religious," "God Image," 1974; see also "Life of the Spirit," "Chapter V Nature," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives; "Overview Putout: The Symbol with Reference to the Individual, Phase Two of Putout,'' fragment, c. 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. "Leader's Setting," n.d.: 87, fragment, Creative Initiative Archives.
88. "Quest for Meaning Seminar, Leader's Guide," c. 1977: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
89. "Leader: This Wholeness Series . . .," n.d.: 3, mimeographed fragment, Creative Initiative Archives.
90. Elston John Hill, "Buchman and Buchmanism" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1970), 53-60, 202-212.
91. Ibid., 2.
90. Elston John Hill, "Buchman and Buchmanism" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1970), 53-60, 202-212.
91. Ibid., 2.
92. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 63; Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 99.
93. "The Human Enterprise," 1979: 2, Creative Initiative Archives; "God, Soul, Reality," n.d.: 6, notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
94. "New Sphere: An Experiment in Self-Directed History," April-May 1967: 5, Creative Initiative Archives.
95. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar," 11, Burch papers.
96. Questionnaire 12, summer, 1986.
97. Questionnaires 22, 30, summer, 1986.
98. Questionnaire 23, summer, 1986.
99. Questionnaire 30, summer, 1986.
100. Questionnaire 12, summer, 1986.
101. Questionnaire 23, summer, 1986.
102. Questionnaire 31, summer, 1986.
103. Elliot Aronson, "Dissonance Theory: Progress and Problems," in
R. Abelson, et al., The Cognitive Consistency Theories: A Source Book (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968); Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1957).
104. Questionnaire 4, summer, 1986.
105. Questionnaires 12, 22, summer, 1986.
106. "Jesus Seminar, 1977," "The Authority Issue," 2, emphasis in original.
107. "New Sphere: An Experiment in Self-Directed History," April-May 1967: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. "Violence Curriculum, Outline of Main Topics," c. 1971: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
109. [Rathbun], "Primer for Life," 66.
110. "Book of John," 1976: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, "Purpose of Jesus Seminar," n.d.: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
111. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar," 76.
112. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar," v.
113. "The Teaching of Jesus: Course I," 1980: 4, Creative Initiative Archives.
114. "Authority Seminar," 1979: 11, Creative Initiative Archives.
115. "The Challenge of Time, Leader's Syllabus," 1974: 11, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, Rathbun, Creative Initiative, 59-60.
116. "Prayers and Third Level Existence," c. 1964: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
117. "Decision: The Key to Change," 1979: 5, Creative Initiative Archives; "Curriculum for Relevant Education Series," Fall, 1968: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
118. "Kingdom of God Versus Kingdom of Man," January 11, 1982: 1, 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
119. Dick Anthony and Thomas Robbins, "Spiritual Innovation and the Crisis of American Civil Religion," Dedalus 111 (Winter, 1982): 216-218.
120. Ibid., 221-229.
119. Dick Anthony and Thomas Robbins, "Spiritual Innovation and the Crisis of American Civil Religion," Dedalus 111 (Winter, 1982): 216-218.
120. Ibid., 221-229.
121. "Responsibility," c. 1967: 3, Burch papers.
122. "Women's Destiny in an Age of Chaos," "Meeting #3, Man as Cause," Creative Initiative Archives.
123. [Richard Lagerstrom], "We'll begin . . . ," "Opening 3," c. 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
124. "A Time for Decision," October 27, 1973: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
125. Ibid., 2.
124. "A Time for Decision," October 27, 1973: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
125. Ibid., 2.
126. "Unitive Principle Curriculum: The I-Thou Relationship," 1974: 8, Burch papers.
127. Ibid.; chart of pass over, c. 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
126. "Unitive Principle Curriculum: The I-Thou Relationship," 1974: 8, Burch papers.
127. Ibid.; chart of pass over, c. 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
128. "Unitive Principle Curriculum," 3.
129. "Prayer and Third Level Existence," c. 1963: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; "Challenge to Change Groups," 1967, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
130. "Quest for Meaning Course Descriptions," 1976, flyer, Creative Initiative Archives; "Preparation for the New Religion," 1978: 2, Creative Initiative
Archives; "Leader's Guide, Quest for Meaning, Introductory Weekend Seminar," 1981, Creative Initiative Archives, "The Human Enterprise," 1979, Creative Initiative Archives; "Perspective in a Changing World," November 3-December 5, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives; ''The Challenge to Change," 1976, Creative Initiative Archives; see also for example, "Life of the Spirit," 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; "Jesus as Teacher Series for Intermediate Leaders," Winter, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives; "C/C Training Days," September 8, 15, 22, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives. The seven-step structure first introduced in Challenge to Change became a standard that was frequently used to explain other material in more advanced courses and to justify specific actions, especially conservation, during the late 1970s.
131. "Purpose in Having Challenge to Change Groups," June 1967: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
132. See for example, "The Levels of Perception," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
133. P. W. Martin, Experiment in Depth: A Study of the Work of Jung, Eliot and Toynbee (New York: Pantheon Books, 1955).
134. "Woman in Myth and Mystery, Presentations and Series, Holistic," "Course," 1972: 1-2, Burch papers.
135. Fordham, An Introduction to Jung's Psychology, 25-27; Martin, Experiment in Depth, 1-16.
136. "Old Testament Seminar," 1977: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
137. "Life of the Spirit," 1968, chap. 3: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
138. "Life of the Spirit," chap. 3: 4.
139. "C Seminar, 1974," "Symbols in the Myth of Moses," 2, Burch papers.
140. Ibid., 1-3.
139. "C Seminar, 1974," "Symbols in the Myth of Moses," 2, Burch papers.
140. Ibid., 1-3.
141. "C Seminar," "Moses," 1973: 4, Burch papers; "C Seminar 1974," "The Myth of Moses," Burch papers.
142. "C Seminar, 1974," "Comparison of Consciousness as Expressed in the Old and New Testament," Creative Initiative Archives.
143. "Why Study Jesus?" 1968, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, Harry J. Rathbun, "On Critical Work," n.d.: 1-2, Creative Initiative Archives; "Appendix A, Background of Jesus as Teacher Approach," 1976: 1-3, Creative Initiative Archives.
144. Ibid., 1-9.
143. "Why Study Jesus?" 1968, Creative Initiative Archives; see also, Harry J. Rathbun, "On Critical Work," n.d.: 1-2, Creative Initiative Archives; "Appendix A, Background of Jesus as Teacher Approach," 1976: 1-3, Creative Initiative Archives.
144. Ibid., 1-9.
145. William G. Perry, Jr., "Cognitive and Ethical Growth: The Making of Meaning," in Arthur W. Chickering and associates, eds., The Modern American College (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1981), 76-116.
5 Men, Women, and Children
1. Sinombre [Harry Rathbun], "Primer for Living: A Manual of Discipline for the Passengers and Crew of Spaceship Earth," 73: 1975,
Creative Initiative Archives; see also, "Masculine, feminine principles: God and Mankind," Fall, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
2. Frieda Fordham, An Introduction to Jung's Psychology (New York: Penguin Books, 1953), 52-60.
3. "Outline for the 'A' Seminars of 1973," 13-14, Creative Initiative Archives.
4. "A Seminar Outline Revised June 4th," "Masculine and Feminine Principles as Experienced in a Person," 1974, Creative Initiative Archives; Harry says essentially the same thing in an early draft of his book, see [Rathbun], ''Primer for Living," 13-14, but tones the position down considerably in the published version, Harry Rathbun, Creative Initiative: Guide to Fulfillment (Palo Alto, Calif: Creative Initiative Foundation, 1976), 103-104.
5. "Outline for the 'A' Seminars of 1973," 16.
6. Ibid., 18; see also "Women in Myth and Mystery," "Anima-Animus," 1974: 2, James and Wileta Burch papers.
5. "Outline for the 'A' Seminars of 1973," 16.
6. Ibid., 18; see also "Women in Myth and Mystery," "Anima-Animus," 1974: 2, James and Wileta Burch papers.
7. Emilia appears to have been particularly influenced by the interpretation of Jung in P. W. Martin, Experiment in Depth: A Study of the Work of Jung, Eliot and Toynbee (New York: Pantheon, 1955), which was frequently cited in Creative Initiative recommended reading lists.
8. Used in this context "transition to Community" meant Creative Initiative becoming a functioning unit in the Kingdom of God.
9. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar, 11/5/78-11/10/78," 52, Burch papers.
10. "Woman in Myth and Mystery, Presentations and Series, Holistic," 1972, Burch papers.
11. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 14.
12. "Woman in Myth and Mystery."
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 4.
12. "Woman in Myth and Mystery."
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 4.
12. "Woman in Myth and Mystery."
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 4.
15. "Woman in Myth and Mystery," "Blessman The New Identity," 1974: 1, Burch papers.
16. "Women in Myth and Mystery," "Bless Man The New Identity (Part II)," 2-4, Burch papers.
17. Ibid., 6.
16. "Women in Myth and Mystery," "Bless Man The New Identity (Part II)," 2-4, Burch papers.
17. Ibid., 6.
18. "For the Children's Sake," c. 1968, 5, mimeographed newsletter, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
19. Ibid., 5.
18. "For the Children's Sake," c. 1968, 5, mimeographed newsletter, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
19. Ibid., 5.
20. "A Relevant Education Seminar," c. 1968, flyer, Creative Initiative Archives; see also "Build the Earth began in 1962. . .," c. 1968, Burch papers; San Jose News (December 1, 1967): 29.
21. Questionnaire 20, summer, 1986.
22. "Young Mothers 1970," October 22-November 12, 1969: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
23. "Woman, the Image, the Self," "Masculine/Feminine Talk," c. 1974, Burch papers.
24. "Facilitator's Guide, Marriage AMR 1977," 5, Creative Initiative Archives.
25. "There is a seed in the heart . . .," April 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
26. "Basic Script, Women's Mass Meeting," June 7, 1966, Burch papers.
27. "There is a seed in the heart . . .," 1.
28. "Marriage and the Religious Life, Facilitator's Guide and Assignments for Participants," 1982: 10, Creative Initiative Archives.
29. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar," 35.
30. "Women's Destiny in an Age of Chaos," 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
31. "Outline Woman Realized," Creative Initiative Archives; see also, "Woman: The Great Controversy," "Woman Through Time, Woman as Civilizer," November 1978, Creative Initiative Archives.
32. "Woman's Destiny in an Age of Chaos."
33. "Young Mothers 1970," "Last Talk," October 22-November 12, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
34. "Responsibility," February 27, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
35. "New Women, Where am I, Who am I, Where am I going?," c. 1966: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; "For Leaders," c. 1966, Creative Initiative Archives; Questionnaire 10, summer, 1986.
36. San Jose News (December 1, 1967): 29.
37. [Emilia Rathbun], "Everything in the present day . . .," n.d., Emilia Rathbun papers.
38. Sunnyvale Scribe [Calif.] (July 16, 1975): 9.
39. "Basic Script, Women's Mass Meeting," paper no. 1.
40. "1952 Continuation Seminar," July 1952: 27, Creative Initiative Archives.
41. "Introductory Weekend, Journey to Fulfillment," 1976: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
42. Questionnaire 7, summer, 1986. They did, however, hold special courses for singles, including a "relationship" course modeled after the marriage courses; "Relationships and the Religious Life," 1980, Creative Initiative Archives.
43. Questionnaire 8, summer, 1986.
44. "Facilitator's Guide, Marriage AMR 1977," "Course #2076, Marriage Relationship," 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
45. "Women in Creative Relationships," 1977: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
46. "Marriage Los Angeles," n.d., notes, Creative Initiative Archives.
47. "Morning on Marriage," n.d., c. 1976, notes, Creative Initiative Archives.
48. "Curriculum for Relevant Education Series," Fall, 1968: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
49. "Women in Myth and Mystery," "Bless Man the New Identity (Part II)," 1976: 6, Burch papers.
50. Questionnaire 10, summer, 1986.
51. Marie N. Robinson, The Power of Sexual Surrender (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1959), 148-154.
52. Ibid., 215.
51. Marie N. Robinson, The Power of Sexual Surrender (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1959), 148-154.
52. Ibid., 215.
53. "Dynamics of Marriage," August 4, 1971: 8, Creative Initiative Archives.
54. "Facilitator's Guide, Marriage AMR 1977," "Handout for Meeting #3," 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
55. Melvin Anchell, Understanding Your Sexual Needs (New York: Frederick Fell, 1968).
56. "Dynamics of Marriage," September 7, 1973: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
57. Anchell, 18-33.
58. Ibid. See for example, 14-15, 49-53, 90-95, 105, 216-217, 262-268.
57. Anchell, 18-33.
58. Ibid. See for example, 14-15, 49-53, 90-95, 105, 216-217, 262-268.
59. "Jesus Seminar, 1977," 26, Creative Initiative Archives.
60. "The New Religion, Contemporary Abstracts from the Old Myths, Series I, Lecture 3, Abraham," 1975: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
61. "'Thrust' Coordinating Men," "Statement on Politics (Rough Draft)," May 4, 1970: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. "C Seminar, 1974," "The Four Absolutes," Burch papers.
63. "Introduction to the Life of the Spirit, Discourse on the Standards of Righteousness," "Meeting 4," 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
64. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar," 67, Burch papers.
65. See chap. 3.
66. Interview with Marilyn Nyborg, December 29, 1986, Sunnyvale, Calif.
67. Child questionaire 6, summer, 1986.
68. Raymond Trevor Bradley, Charisma and Social Structure: A Study of Love and Power, Wholeness and Transformation (New York: Paragon House, 1987), 116-117.
69. An example of an all-male course was, "The Spirited Man," November 10-December 14, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives; also the "Invitational San Damiano Retreat for Men Seminar Leaders," October 5-7, 1973, mimeographed, Creative Initiative Archives; although there must have been many more, aside from some introductory talks, these are the only two purely men's meetings for which records exist, some indication of their rarity.
70. "The Spirited Man," 2.
71. "Parenting: How to Parent in a Stressful World," 1981, 10-11, Creative Initiative Archives.
72. "A Parent in the New Age," n.d., c. 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
73. "Family Outings Involving the Children," July 1968: 3, 5, Creative Initiative Archives.
74. "Notes from the Jesus III Seminar," 11.
75. "Family Outings Involving the Children," 2.
76. Child questionnaire 5, summer, 1986.
77. Questionnaire 26, summer, 1986.
78. "Financial Information for 1973 Seminars," 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
79. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, Richard Rathbun, Virginia Fitton,
Donald Fitton, Beverley Sorensen, and others, September 15, 1987, Palo Alto, Calif.
80. "Sequoia Seminar, Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961: 2, Creative Initiative Archives; "Sequoia Seminar, Report of 1961," 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
81. "Children's Camps for 1969," December 3, 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives; "To: Family Leaders," March 26, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
82. "Community Summer Camp, Aurora and Arriba!" May 22, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
83. "Youth Work, September 1980-June 1981," Creative Initiative Archives; for earlier activities, see "Area Profile Report, San Jose," August 25, 1969: 2-3, Creative Initiative Archives; "Outreach Newsletter," April 1976: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
84. "Curriculum for 13-15 Year Olds," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives; a very similar pattern of daughters cooking for fathers can be found in "Family Outings Involving the Children," 7.
85. "Dear Continuation Family Leaders," "Program for 7-8-9 Year Old Sons," March 26, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives; "Program for 10-11-12 Year Old Sons"; "Program for Boys, 13 to 15 years," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
86. "Eagle Program," January 28, 1970: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. "Dear Aguilas Candidate," February 23, 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
88. "Eagle Program," 1-2.
89. "Aguilas Brainstorming Meeting: Purpose and Form of Aguilas Program," October 15, 1981: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
90. "Aguilas Brainstorming Meeting," 1-2.
91. "Dear _____," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
92. "Spring Maiden Program," c. 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
93. "Plans for Spring Maiden Program, 1970-1971," Creative Initiative Archives.
94. "Project Nepal and Youth Evolving Solutions: Proposal for Academic Credit from University of California, Los Angeles," February 1981, Creative Initiative Archives; The Peninsula Times Tribune (June 30, 1979): A-4; "Project Nepal, Project Description," c. 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
95. "Salvatierra Year Seminar," "Report to Annual Meeting of Sequoia Seminar Foundation," November 28, 1981, Creative Initiative Archives.
96. Questionnaire 11, summer, 1986.
97. "1952 Continuation Seminar," July 1952: 16, Creative Initiative Archives.
98. Rick Kushman, "Part II: Views from the Outside, What is CIF Really About, Anyway?" Palo Alto Weekly (August 7, 1980): 12.
99. Child questionnaire 1, summer, 1986.
100. Child questionnaire 3, summer, 1986.
101. Child questionnaire 5, summer, 1986.
102. Child questionnaires 1, 3, 5, 6, summer, 1986.
103. Child questionnaires 1, 5, summer, 1986.
6 Creating a Community of Believers
1. "An Introductory Paper," c. 1965, Creative Initiative Archives.
2. Harry J. Rathbun, "Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
3. Ibid.
2. Harry J. Rathbun, "Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
3. Ibid.
4. "Sequoia Seminar Financial Operations, Fiscal Year 11-1-64-10-31-65," "Sequoia Seminar Balance Sheet, Fiscal Year 11-1-64-10-31-65," Creative Initiative Archives; untitled financial summary, "as of 10-1-71," Creative Initiative Archives; "Asking for Pledges at 1977 Seminars," July 1977, Creative Initiative Archives; "To All Seminar Leaders,'' from the Finance Committee, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives; Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, June 29, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives; "Financial Information for 1973 Seminars," James and Wileta Burch papers.
5. Kathy McHale, "New Sphere Has Energy and Christian Altruism," Midpeninsula Observer (April 8-22, 1968): 6; in 1980 their budget had risen to approximately $350,000 per year, Rick Kushman, "We Are One," Palo Alto Weekly (July 31, 1980): 13.
6. Contra Costa Times (July 5, 1979): 3.
7. Harry J. Rathbun, "Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961: 4, Creative Initiative Archives; Harry and Emilia Rathbun, circular letter, December 23, 1965, Creative Initiative Archives; actually a sliding scale, from I percent for those who earned less than $10,000 to 4 percent for those who earned more than $25,000 was suggested, "Outreach Group," c. 1968, "Financial," Creative Initiative Archives; for other suggestions on how to raise funds see, "Funding," July 11, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
8. "Identity the Basis of Community: Identification with "The Community' the basis for Identity," February 2, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
9. "The Role of the 'New Community' in Politics," June 23, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
10. "Stanford Summer Family Conference (An Experiment in Family Community Living)," c. 1970, Creative Initiative Archives; "Where You Should be this Summer," c. 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
11. "Where You Should be this Summer," 2-3.
12. San Jose Mercury News (March 29, 1987): 10A.
13. Menlo-Atherton Recorder (August 17, 1977): 5.
14. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, March 26, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
15. Menlo-Atherton Recorder (August 17, 1977): 5; The Country Almanac [Woodside] (December 11, 1974): 1; interview with Emilia Rathbun, Richard Rathbun, Virginia and Don Fitton, and others, September 15, 1987, Palo Alto, Calif.
16. Interview with Emilia Rathbun, et al., September 15, 1987; The Country Almanac [Woodside] (February 16, 1977): 1.
17. "The Role of the 'New Community' in Politics," June 23, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
18. "Economic Aspects," July 25, [1970], Creative Initiative Archives.
19. "Econolution!" 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
20. "Building the Earth and Economics: Econolution!" July 5, 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
21. "Econolution Presentation Asilomar," September 11, 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
22. "Building the Earth and Economics: Econolution!"
23. Bill McGlashan, "Recommendation to the Hub," c. 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
24. "Rough Draft, Financial Curriculum," c. 1970, Creative Initiative Archives; "Recommendations of Men's Brainstorming Group Meeting on 9-28-74 on the Subject of 'Freeing Men' and 'Work of Freed Man,' " 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
25. "Holistic Job Directory," June 4, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
26. "Specialization, I. Coordinating Center," c. 1966, Creative Initiative Archives.
27. "New Sphere Stanford Area," June 20, 1966, Creative Initiative Archives; "For the Children's Sake," c. 1968: 2, mimeographed newsletter, Creative Initiative Archives.
28. Beverly Sorensen, "The Work Becomes New Sphere," in history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
29. "Draft Copy Sept. 1987, Membership of Sequoia Seminar and Creative Initiative," Creative Initiative Archives; Area Profile Reports: Central Peninsula, Northern Peninsula, Oakland, Contra Costa, San Francisco Marin, Southern Peninsula, Berkeley, all August 1969, typescripts, Creative Initiative Archives; "Reorganization," fragment, March 22, 1974, Creative Initiative Archives; newsletter, May 7, 1974: 3, Creative Initiative Archives; "Outlying Regions," January 1976, Creative Initiative Archives; ''Creative Initiative Foundation, People in Community," July 1, 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
30. Beverly Sorensen, "Foothill Symposium," in history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
31. "New Sphere Symposium for Women," March 21, 1965, outline of eleven talks, Creative Initiative Archives.
32. Harry J. Rathbun, talk to basic seminar, December 27, 1970: 4, Creative Initiative Archives.
33. Ibid., 12.
32. Harry J. Rathbun, talk to basic seminar, December 27, 1970: 4, Creative Initiative Archives.
33. Ibid., 12.
34. "New Sphere, Training and Enrichment Program, Winter/Spring 1966," Creative Initiative Archives.
35. Donald Fitton to Max M. Fisher, May 13, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
36. Letter to John May, San Francisco Foundation, May 7, 1969: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
37. "We're Looking for a Special Kind of People," brochure, c. 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
38. See for example, "The Creative Initiative Foundation," 1972, brochure,
Creative Initiative Archives; "The Creative Initiative Foundation," c. 1976, brochure, Creative Initiative Archives, "What am I? Who am I? Where am I going? Creative Initiative introduces the universal process that leads to the answers," c. 1977, brochure, Creative Initiative Archives; "Creative Initiative Foundation," November 1980, Creative Initiative Archives.
39. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, June 29, 1971: 2, 4, Creative Initiative Archives.
40. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, July 25, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
41. "Sequoia Seminar," booklet, c. 1962, Creative Initiative Archives.
42. "A Correction," [January 1972], Creative Initiative Archives; see also, San Jose Mercury-News (January 2, 1972): 75.
43. John Kopczak, "Revolution Peninsula Style," The Elephant Committee I (no. 1): n.d., mimeographed; San Jose Mercury News (April 25, 1971): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives.
44. Harry Rathbun, "The Future of Man," sermon to the Unitarian Church of San Mateo, May 1966, Creative Initiative Archives.
45. Beverly Sorensen, note, history notebook, n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
46. Kathy McHale, "New Sphere Has Energy and Christian Altruism," Midpeninsula Observer (April 8-22, 1968): 6.
47. Clipping, unknown newspaper, December 7, 1971, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
48. Oakland Tribune (April 13, 1976): 10E.
49. Oakland Tibune (April 12, 1976): 8E.
50. Letter to Harry J. Rathbun, July 3, 1982, Creative Initiative Archives.
51. Letter to Harry Rathbun, April 1, 1974: 6, Creative Initiative Archives.
52. Questionnaire 18, summer, 1986.
53. Questionnaire 13, summer, 1986.
54. "This Is New Sphere," c. 1965, Creative Initiative Archives.
55. "Minister Layman Weekend, Sequoia Seminar," January 21-22, 1966, participant list, Creative Initiative Archives.
56. Lester Kinsolving, "New Sphere Hopes to Change History," San Francisco Chronicle (January 28, 1967): 28.
57. "Time for Reality, Church Thrust Program," December-January 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
58. Interview with Ray and Pat Jacobsen, August 5, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif: Rick Kushman, "Part II: Views From the Outside, What Is CIF Really About, Anyway?" Palo Alto Weekly (August 7, 1980): 13.
59. Questionnaire 16, summer, 1986.
60. Kinsolving, "New Sphere," 28.
61. Contra Costa Times (July 5, 1979): 3.
62. Oakland Tribune (April 11, 1976): 1, 5.
63. Questionnaire 18, summer, 1986.
64. "New Sphere: An Experiment in Self-Directed History," [1967]: 5, Creative Initiative Archives.
65. "General Statement," c. 1966: 6, Burch papers.
66. Questionnaire 22, summer, 1986.
67. Jim Burch, talk to men's symposium, May 15, 1966: 4, Burch papers.
68. Sinombre [Harry Rathbun], "Primer for Living: A Manual of Discipline for the Passengers and Crew of Spaceship Earth," 1975: 104, Creative Initiative Archives.
69. Ibid.
68. Sinombre [Harry Rathbun], "Primer for Living: A Manual of Discipline for the Passengers and Crew of Spaceship Earth," 1975: 104, Creative Initiative Archives.
69. Ibid.
70. Questionnaire 26, summer, 1986.
71. Questionnaires 12, 26, summner, 1986.
72. Questionnaire 14, summer, 1986.
73. Kushman, "Part II: Views From the Outside," 11.
74. "Challenge to Change Follow-Up: Being, Knowing Doing," 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
75. "A Seminars," c. 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
76. [Rathbun], "Primer for Living," 116.
77. "Statement," c. 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
78. Ibid.
77. "Statement," c. 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
78. Ibid.
79. "Basic Agreement to Meet the Goal of a Strong Working Foundation," c. 1977, Burch papers; interview with Marilyn Nyborg, January 12, 1987, Sunnyvale, Calif.
80. Rick Kushman, "We Are One," Palo Alto Weekly (July 31, 1980): 12.
81. Questionnaire 22, also 16, summer, 1986.
82. Letter to Harry and Emilia Rathbun, June 29, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
83. Harry Rathbun to Richard Rathbun, February 15, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
84. Contra Costa Times (July 5, 1979): 1.
85. Ibid.13.
84. Contra Costa Times (July 5, 1979): 1.
85. Ibid.13.
86. Letter to Harry J. Rathbun, November 3, 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. Questionnaire 1, summer, 1986.
88. Questionnaire 6, summer, 1986.
89. Questionnaire 4, summer, 1986.
90. Questionnaire 2, also 17, summer, 1986.
91. McHale, "New Sphere Has Energy and Christian Altruism," 6.
92. Sam Harding, "Man and His Job," October 10, 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
93. The Washington Post (March 31, 1983): 1.
94. Questionnaires 16, 20, summer, 1986.
95. Personal evaluation of seminar, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
96. Contra Costa Times (July 5, 1979): 3.
97. Questionnaire 12, summer, 1986.
98. H. J. R. [Harry J. Rathbun], "Sequoia Seminar, Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961, dittoed, Creative Initiative Archives.
99. Ibid., 2.
100. Ibid., 3; "Outreach Group," 1968: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
98. H. J. R. [Harry J. Rathbun], "Sequoia Seminar, Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961, dittoed, Creative Initiative Archives.
99. Ibid., 2.
100. Ibid., 3; "Outreach Group," 1968: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
98. H. J. R. [Harry J. Rathbun], "Sequoia Seminar, Some Proposals Regarding the Long-Range Program," June 3, 1961, dittoed, Creative Initiative Archives.
99. Ibid., 2.
100. Ibid., 3; "Outreach Group," 1968: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
101. "Suggestions for Gathering New People for Challenge to Change Groups," c. 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
102. "To: All Seminarians," February 28, 1966, Creative Initiative Archives; for similar advice on the distribution of brochures, see also "Introductory Year," January 2, 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
103. "Minutes Planning Group Meeting," October 11, 1965, Creative Initiative Archives.
104. "Outreach Group," 1968: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
105. "The Dynamics of Change: A Men's Luncheon Program," April 12, 1967, with note, history scrapbook; "What Is New Sphere," c. 1966, with note, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
106. "The New-Sphere Outreach," October 1966, Creative Initiative Archives.
107. "The Creative Initiative Introductory Evening: Facilitator's Manual," September 1978: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. Ibid., 9.
109. Ibid., 4-8. An earlier, slightly less complete version of these host guidelines appeared in 1968 as part of instructions on how to run Challenge to Change groups, "To: All Challenge to Change Leaders, Subject: Fall, 1968 Involving Process Groups," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
107. "The Creative Initiative Introductory Evening: Facilitator's Manual," September 1978: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. Ibid., 9.
109. Ibid., 4-8. An earlier, slightly less complete version of these host guidelines appeared in 1968 as part of instructions on how to run Challenge to Change groups, "To: All Challenge to Change Leaders, Subject: Fall, 1968 Involving Process Groups," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
107. "The Creative Initiative Introductory Evening: Facilitator's Manual," September 1978: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. Ibid., 9.
109. Ibid., 4-8. An earlier, slightly less complete version of these host guidelines appeared in 1968 as part of instructions on how to run Challenge to Change groups, "To: All Challenge to Change Leaders, Subject: Fall, 1968 Involving Process Groups," 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
110. "Outreach Group," 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
111. Ibid., 1-2; "Control and Feedback," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
110. "Outreach Group," 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
111. Ibid., 1-2; "Control and Feedback," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
112. "The Napa Experience," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
113. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, July 25, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
114. "General Basic Principles," January 26, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
115. "Dear Outposts and Outlying Areas," May 7, 1974, Creative Initiative Archives; "Outreach Newsletter," August 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
116. "Preparation of a Comprehensive Plan," c. 1976, Creative Initiative Archives.
117. "Clarification of New Sphere," c. 1965, Creative Initiative Archives.
118. Questionnaire 24, summer, 1986, for example.
119. "Mystical Evolution of the New Sphere, Session I," c. 1966: 8, notes, Burch papers.
120. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar, 11/5/78-11/10/78," 70, also 6, 20, typescript, Burch papers.
121. The Stanford Daily (March 3, 1980): 3.
122. "New Sphere: An Experiment in Self-Directed History," April-May 1967: 7, Creative Initiative Archives.
123. "We're Looking for a Special Kind of People," n.d., brochure, Creative Initiative Archives.
124. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, April 3, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
125. Palo Alto Weekly (August 28, 1980): 17.
126. See also, "What Is Creative Initiative," August 1982: 14, Creative Initiative Archives.
127. "The Creative Initiative Foundation," 1972, pamphlet, Creative Initiative Archives.
128. "Hub Financial Questionnaire," November 4, 1971, typescripts, Creative Initiative Archives; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 1 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1975), 292.
129. Collection of 5 x 8 cards with biographical information, c. 1964, Creative Initiative Archives.
130. All the statistical data in this section is derived from the questionnaires.
7 Public Presentations: Programs and Politics
1. "New Sphere Presents, People, War & Destiny," 1966, announcement, Creative Initiative Archives; "New Sphere Presents, People, War & Destiny," 1967, announcement, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
2. "New Sphere Presents, People, War & Destiny."
3. "First Multimedia Presentation," 1966, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
4. "The First Blessman," 1917, note, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
5. Ibid.
4. "The First Blessman," 1917, note, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
5. Ibid.
6. Palo Alto Times (November 26, 1976): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives.
7. Photographs of "Bless Man," 1972, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; "Bless Man," souvenir booklet, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
8. Pacific Telepbone Magazine (December 1973), cover.
9. California Living Magazine, San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle (December 9, 1973): 28-29.
10. Photograph and caption, 1972, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
11. "Lifestyle," The Times (December 5, 1976): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives.
12. "All Five Performances of 'Thirteen' Sold Out. Two Additional Performances Scheduled," [1972], Creative Initiative Archives.
13. "Thirteen Is a Mystical Number: A Musical Drama of a Living Myth," October 1972, program, Creative Initiative Archives.
14. " 'Thirteen' Curriculum," August 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
15. "Resource Paper for Concept Groups on '13, ' " 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
16. Script for "Thirteen Is a Mystical Number," 1972, typescript, Creative Initiative Archives.
17. Script for "Thirteen."
18. "Resource Paper for Concept Groups on '13, ' " 4.
19. Ibid.
18. "Resource Paper for Concept Groups on '13, ' " 4.
19. Ibid.
20. San Francisco Chronicle (April 16, 1972): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (April 25, 1972): 15; Palo Alto Times (October 18, 1972): 29.
21. " '13', Myth, Living Myth," in "Thirteen' Curriculum," August 1972: 6, Creative Initiative Archives.
22. "Angels' Advice: A Young People's Musical Presentation (with some much-needed advice for the inhabitants of Planet Earth)," September 1980, program, in authors' possession.
23. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, November 2, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives; "No Frames, No Boundaries," c. 1983, advertising flyer for films and tapes, Creative Initiative Archives; Adrian Malone Productions, "A Unique Television Opportunity," August 1981, Creative Initiative Archives.
24. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, November 2, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
25. "NIF Office Report to Area Chairmen," February 4, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
26. "Radio :60 #10: 'On Being Number Two,' " 1975-1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
27. "Radio :60 #27, 'Meaning of life,' " 1975-1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
28. "The Ten Commandments of Good Will," December 1963, Creative Initiative Archives.
29. Harry Rathbun to Ruth Hellman, January 24, 1950; Harry Rathbun to Janet Hargreaves, April 19, 1950, Creative Initiative Archives.
30. "St. John's Missionary Baptist Church," n.d., history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; "Summary of the New Sphere Involvement at St. John Missionary Baptist Church," c. 1966, Creative Initiative Archives.
31. "What Is Going to Happen Good Friday at the Negro Church," 1965, Creative Initiative Archives.
32. "St. John's Missionary Baptist Church," history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; "Summary of the New Sphere Involvement at St. John Missionary Baptist Church," c. 1966, Creative Initiative Archives.
33. Palo Alto Times (February 26, 1968): n.p., clipping, and (March 4, 1968): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; "African Heritage," note, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; "Our African Heritage Festival," 1968, history notebook; "Woman to Woman Building the Earth," newsletter, March 1968: 3, Creative Initiative Archives; "National Initiative Newsletter," April 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
34. Palo Alto Times (April 6, 1968): 3; "African Heritage," history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; Kathy McHale, "New Sphere's Big 'Put Out' Snares Militant Middle," Midpeninsula Observer (April 22-May 6, 1968): 5.
35. Donald Fitton to Roger Wilkins, January 2, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
36. "National Initiative Newsletter," April 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
37. "Training Manual for Proposal on National Service," February 26, 1968: 20, 22, Creative Initiative Archives; National Service Foundation, "Proposal for National Service," March 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
38. Daily Commercial News [San Francisco] (April 8, 1968): 1; San Francisco Chronicle (April 8, 1968): 4.
39. McHale, "New Sphere's Big 'Put Out' Snares Militant Middle," 5; "National Initiative Newsletter," May 1968: 3, Creative Initiative Archives.
40. Daily Commercial News [San Francisco] (April 8, 1968): 1.
41. "The Involvement Corps, A National Voluntary Service," c. 1968: 2, 4, Creative Initiative Archives.
42. The Stanford Daily (April 18, 1968): 5.
43. Ibid.
42. The Stanford Daily (April 18, 1968): 5.
43. Ibid.
44. "Curriculum for Saturday Relevance Groups," CRE Conference, April 19-21, 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
45. The Stanford Daily (April 18, 1968): 5.
46. Ibid.; The Stanford Daily (April 29, 1968): 2; "The Relevance Group," April 15, 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
45. The Stanford Daily (April 18, 1968): 5.
46. Ibid.; The Stanford Daily (April 29, 1968): 2; "The Relevance Group," April 15, 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
47. "Statement of Position," c. 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
48. "Notes on CRE for 1968-9 and Seminar in September," May 29, 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
49. "Training Manual for Proposal on National Service," February 26, 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
50. Ibid.
49. "Training Manual for Proposal on National Service," February 26, 1968: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
50. Ibid.
51. McHale, "New Sphere's Big 'Put Out' Snares Militant Middle," 5; San Jose Mercury (February 27, 1968): 4; Palo Alto Times (February 26, 1968): n. p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (March 4, 1968): sec. 11, 13; "Circle Star Presentation," note, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
52. Palo Alto Times (March 1, 1968): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; San Francisco Chronicle (April 7, 1968): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; San Francisco Chronicle (April 8, 1968): 4; Palo Alto Times (March 29, 1968): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
53. "Don't Let Pageantry Confuse You . . . ," flyer from the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (May 25, 1968): 5; "Build the Earth," program, Creative Initiative Archives; "Build the Earth Pageant May 26th," history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
54. "Build the Earth," May 26, 1968, program, Creative Initiative Archives; "National Initiative Newsletter," April 1968: 1, May 1968: 2, July-August 1968: 1-2, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (August 10, 1968): 3; Gary G. Williams, et al., to Glenn A. Olds, December 26, 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
55. Memo to the membership, October 7, 1968, Creative Initiative Archives.
56. "Challenge to Change Recruiting Fall, 1971," 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
57. "The New Politics: Cooperation for the benefit of all men," June [1967], Creative Initiative Archives.
58. "Statement of Political Position," July 7, 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
59. "World Cooperation for the Fulfillment of All: A New Political Thrust," c. 1967, Creative Initiative Archives.
60. "Palo Alto Initiative," [January 1969], Creative Initiative Archives.
61. "Results of a Survey on Problems and Concerns of Individuals in Palo Alto," February 4, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. "Notes on Meeting of 2-7-69," Creative Initiative Archives.
63. "Palo Alto Initiative Proposal (Preliminary Outline)," n.d., c. February 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
64. "Timing and Scheduling for Gunn Experimental Program," January 1968, Creative Initiative Archives; National Initiative Foundation to Robert McClean, [January 28, 1969], Creative Initiative Archives.
65. "Question: How do we develop our proposal . . . ," 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
66. "Statement on Politics (Rough Draft)," May 4, 1970, Creative Initiative Archives.
67. Donald Fitton to President Richard M. Nixon, December 1, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
68. "Synopsis and Thrust of Statement and Proposal to President Nixon," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives; James Burch to President Richard M. Nixon, November 1, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
69. "To: All A, B, C, and D Branch Trainers," August 13, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
70. Ibid.
69. "To: All A, B, C, and D Branch Trainers," August 13, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
70. Ibid.
71. Proposal for a bicentennial celebration, apparently a grant application, c. 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
72. Winston Boone to Morris Cox, September 25, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
73. "A Declaration of Interdependence," 1976, Creative Initiative Archives.
74. "Overpopulation Newsletter," April 28, 1969, Creative Initiative Archives.
75. "Ecology Exhibit," history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (July 12, 1969): 12, editorial; "Build the Earth," ecology handout, [July 1969], Creative Initiative Archives.
76. "Statement on Politics (Rough Draft)," May 4, 1970: 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
77. Los Angeles Times (May 9, 1975): 1.
78. "How Much Do You Really Know About Nuclear Power," meeting announcement, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives; "We are interested in assessing . . . ," questionnaire, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
79. "Do You Really Know the Facts About Nuclear Power?" c. 1975, Creative Initiative Archives; "Nuclear Power Plants Create Plutonium," c. 1975, flyer, Creative Initiative Archives.
80. "A Petition," March 5, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
81. "A Call to Women for a Decision on Nuclear Power," [1975], Creative Initiative Archives; Sacramento Bee (c. 1975): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
82. The Daily Pilot (May 8, 1975): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives.
83. Los Angeles Times (May 10, 1975): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
84. The Daily Pilot (May 8, 1975): n.p.; Los Angeles Times (May 9, 1975): 1.
85. San Francisco Chronicle (May 14, 1975): 2, (May 9, 1975): n.p., clippings, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (April 28, 1975): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
86. "The Time Is Now," May 21, 1975, demonstration program, Creative Initiative Archives; " 'The Time Is Now,' Schedule of Events," May 21, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives, "4,000 Protest Construction of N-Plants," n.d., n.p., newspaper clipping, Creative Initiative Archives.
87. Community Campus (June 6, 1975): 6, clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
88. The Sacramento Union (May 22, 1975): A6.
89. Oakland Tribune (May 3, 1976): 2, (June 6, 1976): 5.
90. Letter to Harry and Emilia Rathbun, July 21, 1975, Creative Initiative Archives.
91. Chico Enterprise Record (June 3, 1976): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives.
92. Interview with Dale Bridenbaugh, Richard Hubbard, and Gregory C. Minor, May 4, 1987, San Jose, Calif.
93. Independent-Journal [Marin] (November 29, 1975): 7.
94. Date G. Bridenbaugh to N. L. Felmus, February 2, 1976; Richard B. Hubbard to Abdon Rubio, February 2, 1976; Gregory C. Minor to Harry H. Hendon, February 2, 1976, Creative Initiative Archives; interview with Bridenbaugh, Hubbard, and Minor.
95. Oakland Tribune (April 13, 1976): 10E.
96. "Facts About the Imperative," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
97. San Francisco Examiner (July 14, 1977): 4; "Project Summary," c. 1977-1978, Creative Initiative Archives; "Will You Do One Thing More?" 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
98. Phyllis Kidd, "Rainbow March for an Energy Fast," May 10, 1979, Creative Initiative Archives; San Francisco Chronicle (May 11, 1979): 38.
99. Flyer, c. 1979, Creative Initiative Archives.
100. "People Ask," n.d., flyer, Creative Initiative Archives.
101. "International Energy Conservation Day," October 27, 1979, program, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times Tribune (October 20, 1979): n.p., clipping, Creative Initiative Archives; photographs of Energy Conservation Day, 1979, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
102. "You're Invited to the Energyfest House Tour," July 26, 1980, Creative Initiative Archives.
103. "Global 2000 A doomsday report or the most 'optimistic' projection for the next 20 years," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
104. "To All Passover People, Global 2000: The Challenge to Change," August 28, 1980, Creative Initiative Archives.
105. Palo Alto Times Tribune (November 10, 1980): Al.
106. "Global 2000 Course," January 4, 1981, Creative Initiative Archives.
107. Palo Alto Times (May 6, 1970): n.p., clipping, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; note, 1970, history scrapbook, Creative Initiative Archives.
108. "To: Regional Youth Coordinators, Holistic Youth Team, Regional Chairmen, Pre-School Staff," October 10, 1974, Creative Initiative Archives.
109. "Women's Network," 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
110. "Letter Writing," 1977, Creative Initiative Archives; "Improving TV for a Healthier Tomorrow," flyer for Johnson speech, December 1977, Creative Initiative Archives; "TV Guidelines for Conscious Viewing," c. 1977, Creative Initiative Archives; "Woman Key to the Future," October 1977, Creative Initiative Archives.
111. "A Call for Responsible Television," c. 1977, petition, Creative Initiative Archives.
112. Ibid.
111. "A Call for Responsible Television," c. 1977, petition, Creative Initiative Archives.
112. Ibid.
8 A World Beyond War
1. Interview with Harry and Emilia Rathbun, October 14, 1984, Palo Alto, Calif.
2. Interview with Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, February 20, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
3. Ibid.
2. Interview with Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, February 20, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
3. Ibid.
4. Interview with Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, February 2, 1985, Palo Alto, Calif.
5. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, July 30, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
6. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, July 12, 1970; July 30, 1971; February 15, 1972, Creative Initiative Archives.
7. Harry Rathbun to Richard and Carolyn Rathbun, June 29, 1971; October 10, 1971, Creative Initiative Archives.
8. "Notes from Jesus III Seminar, 11/5/78-11/10/78," James and Wileta Burch papers. There were, in fact, more than a thousand members, almost 1,800 in 1976, but many of them apparently did not meet Emilia's criteria for totality; "Draft Copy Sept. 1987, Membership of Sequoia Seminar and Creative Initiative," Creative Initiative Archives.
9. "A Time for Decision," c. January 1978: 1, Creative Initiative Archives.
10. "Draft Copy Sept. 1987, Membership of Sequoia Seminar and Creative Initiative."
11. ''Assessment of the Teachings of Jesus: Course I," 1981: 1-3, Creative Initiative Archives.
12. "Within woman, deeply buried . . . ," n.d., Creative Initiative Archives.
13. "Woman to Woman sponsors 'A Minute for Peace for the Children's Sake,' " December 1967, Creative Initiative Archives; San Francisco Chronicle (December 23, 1967): n.p., clipping and note, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives; "For the Children's Sake," c. 1968: 4, newsletter, Creative Initiative Archives.
14. Palo Alto Times (May 13, 1967): 32; "Another Mother for Peace," history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
15. Press release, c. June 1969, Creative Initiative Archives; newspaper clippings, June 19, 1969; June 24, 1969, history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
16. Palo Alto Times (October 23, 1970): 14; "Russian Humming Song," history notebook, Creative Initiative Archives.
17. "To: Outlying Areas, Outposts and Contacts," October 17, 1973, Creative Initiative Archives.
18. Palo Alto Times (October 13, 1973): 2.
19. Ibid.
18. Palo Alto Times (October 13, 1973): 2.
19. Ibid.
20. San Francisco Chronicle (October 20, 1973): 6.
21. "We March in Unity with the Women of Ireland," c. 1976, leaflet, Creative Initiative Archives; Palo Alto Times (October 25, 1976): 11.
22. Questionnaires, June 1983, Creative Initiative Archives.
23. Meeting of Beyond War leaders, March 1, 1985, Ben Lomond, Calif.
24. Questionnaire 19, summer, 1986.
25. Questionnaire 20, summer, 1986.
26. Richard Rathbun, speech to Men's Convocation, "The New Warrior," November 11, 1984; Jonathan Schell, "The Fate of the Earth," New Yorker 57 (February 1, 1982): 44, (February 8, 1982): 48, (February 15, 1982): 45.
27. Los Angeles Times (September 15, 1985): IV, 1.
28. Helen Caldicott to Harry and Emilia Rathbun, February 2, 1976, Creative Initiative Archives.
29. New York Times (May 25, 1979): 17.
30. Los Angeles Times (September 15, 1985): IV, 12.
31. Metro [San Jose] (May 9-15, 1985): 7; Palo Alto Weekly (July 23, 1986): 26; Susan Faludi, "A Separate Peace," West [Sunday magazine of the San Jose Mercury News ] (May 4, 1986): 33-34.
32. Los Angeles Times (September 15, 1985): IV, 13.
33. Beyond War leadership meeting, March 1, 1985, Ben Lomond, Calif.
34. Creative Initiative leadership meeting, January, 13, 1985, Ben Lomond, Calif.
35. Beyond War leadership meeting, March 1, 1985, Ben Lomond, Calif.
36. Faludi, "A Separate Peace," 33.
37. Ibid., 11.
36. Faludi, "A Separate Peace," 33.
37. Ibid., 11.
38. Beyond War: A New Way of Thinking (Palo Alto, Calif: Beyond War, 1985), i.
39. Parade Magazine (August 24, 1986): 18-19.
40. Martin E. Hellman, "On the Inevitability of Nuclear War," Creative Initiative Archives.
41. See chap. 5.
42. Beyond War, "Knowledge," 2-3.
43. Ibid., 14.
44. Ibid., 1, 1A, 2.
42. Beyond War, "Knowledge," 2-3.
43. Ibid., 14.
44. Ibid., 1, 1A, 2.
42. Beyond War, "Knowledge," 2-3.
43. Ibid., 14.
44. Ibid., 1, 1A, 2.
45. "Men's Convocation," November 11, 1984, drafts of speeches, Creative Initiative Archives.
46. "Convocation talk #2 Saturday morning," November 5, 1984: 6-8, Creative Initiative Archives.
47. Beyond War, "Decision," 2-2A.
48. Ibid., 3.
49. Ibid., 3-4.
47. Beyond War, "Decision," 2-2A.
48. Ibid., 3.
49. Ibid., 3-4.
47. Beyond War, "Decision," 2-2A.
48. Ibid., 3.
49. Ibid., 3-4.
50. Susan Faludi, "Inner Peaceniks," Mother Jones (April 1987): 51.
51. "To: Regional Chairman of regions having a Symposium," October 6, 1984, Creative Initiative Archives; "Woman's Rite of Passage," 2, Creative Initiative Archives.
52. Speech to women's convocation, November 5, 1984, Creative Initiative Archives.
53. "Who Speaks for Earth? The New Warrior," November 11, 1984, Creative Initiative Archives.
54. "Men's Convocation," November 11, 1984, Creative Initiative Archives.
54. Pin card, c. 1985, Creative Initiative Archives.
56. Beyond War, "Decision," 7.
57. Beyond War, "Action," 3-4.
58. Ibid., 5-7.
57. Beyond War, "Action," 3-4.
58. Ibid., 5-7.
59. "Adoption of an Idea," n.d., resource paper, Creative Initiative Archives.
60. Wayne Mehl speaking at Beyond War leaders' meeting, March 1, 1985, Ben Lomond, Calif.
61. "Beyond War Plan," c. 1982, Creative Initiative Archives.
62. "Beyond War Summary," "The Plan for 1984-1985," August 1, 1984, Creative Initiative Archives; "Beyond War coordinators' meeting," De Anza College, January 12, 1985.
63. See for example, The Washington Post (March 21, 1983): Al.
64. Interviews at Beyond War United Nations meetings, January 28-30, 1985; Faludi, "Inner Peaceniks," 22; Faludi, "A Separate Peace," 34.
65. Elizabeth Walker Mechling and Gale Auletta, "Beyond War: A Socio-Rhetorical Analysis of a New Class Revitalization Movement," Western Journal of Speech Communication 50 (Fall, 1986): 403.