close this bookThe Honeysuckle and the Hazel Tree
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View the documentPreface and Acknowledgments
View the documentIntroduction
View the document1. Philomena
View the document2. The Nighingale
View the document3. The Two Lovers
View the document4. Honeysuckle
View the document5. Lanval
View the document6. Eliduc
View the document7. The Reflection
View the document8. The Chatelaine of Vergi

1. Philomena

1. Philomena

Adapted from Ovid's Metamorphoses, Book 6

Chrétien de Troyes

 
In Athens, Pandion ruled the state,
A generous, courtly potentate.
Of all in life that gave him pleasure,
4 His daughters were his greatest treasure:
Philomena, the younger one,
And Procne, whose hand had just been won.
Her father heard with much good grace
8 A proposal from the king of Thrace.
What made him glad of such a plan?[1]
He thought he'd found a worthy man,
A king! A king? It is a shame
12 To call him that. The tyrant's name
Was Tereus. Without debate,
Pandion set the wedding date.
With evil omens they were wed:
16 Hymen, the god who should have led
The ceremonies, did not come;
The chanting priests were as if struck dumb;
No one at all seemed to rejoice.
20 Procne and Tereus heard the voice
Of an owl screeching near their room
All night, and other portents of doom
Were there: barn owl, cuckoo, crow-
24 Not a good sign. These omens show
There'll be no way to find relief
From hardship that must come, and grief.
In an evil hour they were wed:
28 Through the palace where they lay in bed,
Demons flew with Tesiphone
And Atropos, horrors waiting to be.[2]
Tereus did not choose to stay
32 After the wedding; he sailed away,
Back to Thrace with his noble wife,
His queen. There she would live her life.
And there was born to them a son-
36 Better by far if they'd had none!
Throughout the kingdom there was joy
Upon the birth of the royal boy,
And each year an extravagant
40 Festival, as for Tervagant,[3]
Was held by Tereus's decree.
So well did the baby thrive that he
Was beautiful by the age of five.
44 Alas! He would not stay alive
Much longer! Itis was his name.
Soon I will tell you what became
Of this child, how he met his fate,
48 But first I've something else to relate.
Procne had, by my reckoning,
Been more than five years with the king,
And she was longing to see her sister,
52 Philomena; she truly missed her.
For quite some time she did not mention
Anything of her intention-
She was reluctant, lest it grieve
56 Her husband that she wished to leave.
At last she could not hold her peace;
She said she wanted to go to Greece,
Asking for the king's permission
60 To visit her sister, on condition
That she would not be long away.
If he refused, she would obey
But ask that he go in her place
64 And bring Philomena back to Thrace.
He answered that Procne must remain
At home, that she must not complain,
Since he, whatever the trip required,
68 Was willing to do as she desired.
And so, as Tereus decreed,
All the provisions he would need
Were quickly readied for the trip,
72 The mast and sails put on each ship.
Soon it was done. He went on board,
And many with him. Procne implored
Her husband to bring her sister back
76 As soon as he could. The sails were slack,
But at sea they filled, the ropes strained tight,
And all day long and all the night,
Steering by the stars, they sailed.
80 Good winds and peaceful seas prevailed,
Alas! On a straight course they steered-
If only something had interfered!
Fate would have shown a kinder face,
84 Had Procne kept the king in Thrace;
Great sorrow came because he went.
Quickly a messenger was sent
To give King Pandion the report
88 That ships had come into his port.
As soon as the king was made aware
That his own son-in-law was there,
Wanting to see him, he didn't waste
92 A moment. Pandion left in haste,
Met Tereus at the landing place,
And kissed his eyes and mouth and face
In joyful greeting. That being done,
96 He saluted all the rest as one
And led them toward his city. The king
Was eager to know everything
About his daughter and the boy.
100 Were they happy? Did they enjoy
Good health? All at home was well,
Tereus was quick to tell,
And both sent him their love from Thrace.
104 Then he began to state his case,
Explaining what his visit meant:
"And yet your daughter is not content,
Sire; it has been too long a time
108 Since she's seen Philomena. I'm
Here as Procne's messenger,
And I hope, as you are fond of her,
That you will listen to her plea
112 And send Philomena home with me.
I know you will sorely feel the lack,
And will want her to come quickly back-
Too long it would seem were she to stay
116 Just one hour or a single day-
And so I solemnly do swear
That as soon as winds are blowing fair
To speed her safely on her way,
120 I will make sure she does not stay;
I'll bring her back. But I've been treated
Badly when I've not yet been greeted
By your daughter; that's a sad surprise."
124 And suddenly, there before his eyes
Stood Philomena, her hair undone-
She didn't look like a cloistered nun!
She had come quickly from inside.
128 Greater writers than I have tried
To portray such beauty. I will need
A miracle or I won't succeed.
To tell of her loveliness and grace,
132 Her fair body, her radiant face,
Would take more skill than that of Plato,
Or of Homer, or of Cato,[4]
Who for their wisdom were acclaimed;
136 So I don't have to feel ashamed
If I can't manage it in this work.
I'll do my best, and I will not shirk.
Now I've begun, I won't be deterred;
140 For what I say, try to take my word.
The beauty of her head will be told
First of all: like the purest gold
Gleaming bright was her lovely hair.
144 God had fashioned her so fair
That I think had Nature undertaken
Improvement, she'd have been mistaken.
Her unlined forehead was broad and white;
148 Rivaling jewels, her eyes were bright;
Her wide-spaced brows were finely made,
Needing no artificial aid.
Long and straight was her perfect nose;
152 Her cheeks mingled lilies and the rose.
Her lips were red enough: they vied
With scarlet samite freshly dyed;
Her mouth was full and made for mirth.
156 Spice, balm, and incense are not worth
The fragrance of her breathing. All
Her teeth were white, closely spaced, and small.
Her chin and neck, her lovely throat,
160 Were whiter than an ermine's coat;
Her tiny breasts were like a pair
Of little apples. White and fair,
Her hands were long to the fingertips;
164 Her waist slender, low-set her hips;
And, to summarize, the rest,
In all its aspects, was the best
Ever seen by human eyes,
168 For Nature in this enterprise
Had really worked as hard as she could.[5]
Philomena understood
So many things that I can swear
172 She was as wise as she was fair,
Truly learned. She knew all sorts
Of entertaining games and sports-
More than the men best known to us,
176 Like Tristan or Apollonius.[6]
Both chess and backgammon she could play,
"Six and Ace" from an earlier day,
And "Buffet and Battle." She was adored[7]
180 And wooed by many a noble lord,
She was such delightful company.
She was excellent at falconry,
With peregrine and sparrow hawk
184 And even lanners, though they balk;[8]
Falcons, tercels, goshawks-all three
She brought through their molts. She loved to be[9]
Out hawking close to a river's shore
188 Or in the field. Yet no one had more
Talent for working cloth dyed rich
Crimson; she had the skill to stitch
Figured silk or fine brocade
192 And ghostly Hellequins portrayed
In beautifully colored thread.[10]
Skilled in language too, well-read,
The maiden could write both verse and prose,
196 And she could perform, as she chose,
Music on psaltery or lyre.
Who has the art it would require
To tell all her talents? She could play
200 The vielle to accompany a lai-[11]
There wasn't a tune she did not know-
And when she talked her words were so
Full of wisdom, she could teach
204 Without a book, just through her speech.
And now, her face rosy and bright,
She came toward her father, in a samite
Tunic that was tightly laced.
208 From the moment Tereus embraced
And greeted her, and they had kissed,
He was quite unable to resist
Her beauty: it was like a dart
212 That struck him deep within the heart.
Evil love that came unbidden
Caused him to hope for things forbidden,
Desires terrible and mad.
216 Evil love? Yes! Love can be bad;
Vilely indeed was he inspired
When his wife's sister he desired.
Had his own sister been the attraction,
220 He could have taken any action.
Pagans to all desires could yield;
Their joys could remain quite unconcealed,
A god having long since decreed-
224 So it was established in their creed-
That love of a sister was permitted.
Tereus would have been acquitted-
Because, by law, it was his right
228 To take her for his heart's delight-
If someone brought it to a trial.
No matter how scandalous and vile
His pleasures were, they could not say
232 He had done wrong in any way.
But that's enough about pagan law![12]
Who, among humans, ever saw
Any power over Love's prevail?
236 In an evil hour did Tereus sail
To take Philomena out of Greece.
Now Love has put an end to peace;
He has been tricked and brought to shame,
240 His heart on fire with that flame
That is so easily ignited.
Tereus, utterly delighted
To hold the maiden in his embrace,
244 Makes a speech that is full of grace:
"My dear, I'm your sister's messenger.
I bring you fondest greetings from her.
She misses you. She is quite bereft;
248 It's been such a long time since she left.
If she could see you, she'd rejoice.
And to her plea I add my voice,
For what it may be worth; if my prayer
252 Were answered, you would soon be there.
This is all that Procne prays for:
To hold you in her arms once more.
And, in truth, she herself would be
256 Here with you now, had she been free.
Her great desire was to come in quest
Of you on her own, but that request
I refused. I would not let her depart,
260 In spite of the hunger in her heart;
I forced her to stay. Your sister seeks
To have you with her for just two weeks.
I hope I've not journeyed uselessly!
264 If you ask the king, he must agree
That it would be only fair and right
To let you go and bring delight
To your sister in that distant place.
268 She let me know, when I left Thrace,
That if I failed in my mission here,
She would no longer hold me dear.
I'd rather be feeble, bald, and old
272 Than have her love for me turn cold!
Tell your father that, by his grace,
You'd like to come with me to Thrace."
But to this, Philomena replies,
276 Being, as I have said, most wise:
"Sire, how could any words I say
Compare to yours? If you want to sway[13]
My father, you would have more chance
280 If you spoke first-at least in France
That is the custom. Those who crave
Boons, if they're competent and brave,
Should try to achieve their own desires,
284 Whatever effort this requires!
After that, if they don't succeed,
Another person may intercede."
"Demoiselle, that may all be true,
288 But one small point eluded you;
You have forgotten just one thing:
Perhaps I've already asked the king."
"Indeed! That proves how little wit
292 I have-I never thought of it!
I should have found out right away.
Now tell me, what did you really say
To my lord? How much did you explain?
296 Was your intention very plain?"
"Demoiselle, I thought it best
To be discreet with my request
And only mention it in passing."
300 "What did he reply?" "The king
Said nothing." "Then it's no loss
If that response receives no gloss.
It's clear that Procne will have to wait
304 For months. I know the king would hate
To grant permission for what you ask;
Yours is a most ungrateful task."
"He won't want to?" "I don't think so."
308 "What makes you believe that?" "I just know,
Because he preferred not to reply."
"There may be another reason why.
Nothing he said was negative;
312 To do as we ask could even give
Him pleasure. At least he heard me out,
And didn't seem distressed about
My plan. For as experience teaches,
316 Generous men do not make speeches."
"That's not a saying I believe;
We still don't know if he'll give me leave
Or refuse to let me visit Thrace."
320 Then Tereus was face-to-face
With Pandion to try once more:
"Sire, I've done what I came here for.
I've tried my very best to present
324 The message that your daughter sent.
If all the men on earth combine
To make a request of you, still mine,
I believe, over that one should prevail.
328 At least I'm sure you'd never fail
In the generosity that is due
Your daughters. What you might not do
For me, I know you could not refuse
332 Either of them, and both now use
My voice. They want me to intercede
With you; on their behalf I'll plead
Until Philomena is allowed
336 To come to Thrace." Pandion bowed
His head and leaned it on his hand.
To yield to Tereus's demand
Was not at all what he desired,
340 But even so, he was required
To answer. "You don't have to be told,
My friend, that I would never withhold
Anything that you asked me for-
344 You'd not speak twice, much less implore!
But if you had a chance of seeing
My daughter's care for my well-being,
You wouldn't ask for such a boon.
348 Without my daughter, very soon
Despair would overwhelm my heart.
In just one day I'd have to start
Leaning on crutches and a cane,
352 And that's the way I would remain
Forever. So, if you don't mind,
We'll set aside your request and find
An agreed-upon but later date."
356 "Later?" "Yes." "How long must we wait?"
"Only as long as there's life in me.
It must be easy enough to see
That I'm so very weak and old
360 My days on earth are nearly all told.
Abraham lived fewer years than I;
I've passed both Jacob and Esau by.
I have accumulated treasure,
364 But nothing gives me any pleasure
Except my daughter. I still live
Because of the comfort she can give;
That's all I have to sustain me now.
368 My time will be short if I allow
Philomena to leave. If you insist
On taking her, I won't exist
More than a little while. The way,
372 Evening and morning, night and day,
She is always watching over me-
If I could only make you see
What, if I lost her, I would lose!
376 She dresses me, puts on my shoes;
When I get up my daughter is there,
And when I go to bed. She takes care
Of all my needs; by her command,
380 No one else may even lend a hand.
It's thanks to her love that I'm still here.
I beg you, if you hold me dear,
From this request let me be excused."
384 Tereus felt himself abused.
He had heard nothing to his taste,
And felt his journey had been a waste.
Ill at ease and in great distress,
388 With nothing to do, no thought to express,
He looked defeated, and he sighed
As if it hurt him to have tried
To impose his will and then to fail.
392 Woe should his mad desire prevail!
He stood there saying not a word,
Only his heartfelt groans were heard.
Insanity overcame good sense.
396 Insanity? Rather, the immense
Power of Love which conquers, destroys,
And then from time to time enjoys
Quickly turning things around,
400 Raising the vanquished from the ground.
"Does Love really have such might
That she lets the loser win the fight?"[14]
"Yes! And those who complain and groan,
404 Make sure Love's prowess is well known,
And so do those who serve her well.
I have arguments to dispel
All doubt: on Love there's no depending;
408 Her fickleness is never-ending.
Her faithful friends may fall from grace;
Others arrive to take their place,
And they're all treated just the same."
412 "Then I think you were wrong to claim
That Love is fickle, since she bestows
The same gifts on all." "That just shows
Love to be really treacherous.
416 Don't you think every one of us
Would agree that even here on earth
Rewards should go to greater worth?
But I understand why Love chooses
420 The worst she knows, and then refuses
Very much better candidates.
The reason why she so frustrates
The deserving is she has no test
424 To determine which are really best."
"But what about her intelligence?"
"She's wise, but it's her preference
To pay no respect to any facts.
428 Following her will, she acts.
Love is more shifting than the breezes;
False, she'll say anything she pleases.
Her promises are most impressive,
432 But what she gives is not excessive.
She does no harm except to those
Who, pledging their faith to her, chose
To serve her only, became her slaves.
436 They cannot please her; she behaves
More cruelly the more they show
Obedience. No pain or woe
Will ever free them. There can't be
440 True love without anxiety,
And one will always be Love's debtor,
Because one can always love still better.
Love goes her way with no explaining.
444 Lovers who are the most complaining
Are those who are the hardest hit,
Receiving from Love no benefit,
No joy or solace; cure or curse
448 Love, and you only make it worse.
Some think that if they just obey,
They'll have a chance to break away,
But they're more closely bound than ever."
452 So Tereus, had he been clever,
Would have gone back alone to Thrace.
But Philomena's charms, her grace,
Her beauty, her surpassing skill,
456 Convince him he has to have his will
Or surely he will go insane.
He has no power to abstain.[15]
What then? What strategy to try?
460 He embraces her, then gives a sigh
And weeps, despairing of that hour
When he would have her in his power.
By the evil one who takes no rest,
464 The Devil, he is so possessed
That in his secret heart he knows
He'll bring his visit to a close
Another way, if he can't succeed
468 By persuasion: force will meet his need.
He might steal the girl away by night,
Although he came with only slight
Company; then he hesitates,
472 Thinking how that could fail, and waits
As his hopes rapidly diminish-
Why start what he could never finish?
It seems much better to retreat
476 Than go on to such a sure defeat.
And indeed it would be shameful, vile
Madness to storm the city while
Its people were asleep in bed;
480 Those from Thrace would soon be dead!
"I must say I find it very strange
That Reason had the power to change
Tereus's mind about the schemes
484 He contemplated. To me it seems
He was too far gone for her to teach."
"Why's that?" "What influence can reach
A man obsessed by something more
488 Than love?" "It's not love?" "You take love for
Crime, betrayal? Is going insane
A sign of it? To me it's plain
That no true lover would you find,
492 Like Tereus, going out of his mind.
Now deeper into madness lies
His only way. It's a great surprise
That Reason still could make an appeal."
496 "Did it?" Tereus began to feel
His foul plan should be set aside,
At least until he'd once more tried
To find arguments that would succeed.
500 Once again, he went to plead
With Pandion: "Sire, I can see
There's not very much you'd do for me,
When you refuse this small request.
504 I've spent much time on a useless quest;
I cannot seem to achieve my aim,
And I'm very sorry that I came.
There's little point in vain regret.
508 All I have left to do is set
My course, go home the way I came,
Feeling that I deserve the name
Of fool. Would I'd never seen your face!
512 Would that I'd never sailed from Thrace!
The fact your daughter's of so much use
Provides you with a fine excuse!
If that's why I have toiled in vain,
516 Traveled so long and far to gain
Nothing, it really isn't fair.
Surely you could afford to spare
Your daughter just three days or four,
520 When there are servants by the score,
Maidens and men, in your employ!
You could let Philomena enjoy
At least a little time with Procne,
524 Who sent me here. Why not agree?
It doesn't seem a lot to ask.
If I don't carry out my task,
My regret will be more than double-
528 First, there's my lost time and trouble;
But I put something else above
Even that: I'll have failed my love,
Said Procne, and that if she must lack
532 Her sister, I need not come back.
If, as it seems, I haven't won
My case, I'll also lose my son,
And even more I'll mourn my wife,
536 Exiled as I shall be for life.
That's why you see me shedding tears-
It's terrible to have such fears
Because this small thing you won't allow.
540 Let me take her, my lord! I vow
That within two weeks you'll see her here,
In perfect health and full of cheer.
You'll have a hostage-my good name;
544 As witnesses, the gods who claim
My service. You should not be loath
To trust me on my solemn oath."
How skilled he was at telling lies!
548 Pandion did not realize
That false was everything he heard.
The king took Tereus at his word
Because of all the tears he shed.
552 The wild, impassioned things he said
Seemed, beyond all doubt, sincere;
He pleaded for those whom he held dear.
Such was the wicked tyrant's skill,
556 His fervent promise to fulfill
The sacred, binding oaths he swore,
That it wasn't very long before
The king couldn't help but sympathize.
560 Tears began to flow from his eyes,
And soon the two men wept together;
Indeed, I cannot tell you whether
The tears one shed were more impressive.
564 Who would consider it excessive
In an old man if he's quick to cry?
"My friend," he said, "by the faith that I
Must have, when your oath binds what you say,
568 I'll let you take my daughter away
Tomorrow. I'll leave her in your hands.
Treat her the way that honor demands,
Never forgetting how I grieve
572 And have only given her short leave.
My tears will flow when you depart;
Nothing will bring joy to my heart
Until she's once again in my arms.
576 Be very sure that nothing harms
My daughter. If you should be late,
My love for you will turn to hate.
Be very sure you don't forget this."
580 Tereus said, "You have my promise,
Sire, there is no need to say more.
The longer we stay here on shore,
The longer before I sail and then
584 Bring Philomena back again."
So the conversation ended
Just as Tereus intended.
Pandion agreed to everything.
588 Then, to please his guest, the king
Ordered his servants to begin
Right away bringing tables in.[16]
His high officials were on hand,
592 Under the seneschal's command,
With bakers and those in charge of wine,
Making sure the service would be fine.
Those who prepared the meat and fish
596 Took special care with every dish.
Every person who was able
Helped at least to set a table
Or to bring the water guests require
600 To wash their hands. Not a single squire
Or well-trained boy was hanging back;
In no way was the service slack.
The entire household showed great zeal.
604 But nothing they offered could appeal
To Tereus, not in the mood
For any kind of drink or food;
His nourishment was just to stare
608 At Philomena sitting there
Right next to him. Her lovely face,
Her fine body's youthful grace-
These were the only things that mattered.
612 He served her all he could, and flattered,
Trying in every way to charm.
No one there could have guessed the harm
He'd do the maiden when at last
616 He had his chance. A long time passed
While they dined, and Tereus was glad
Of every moment that he had
To enjoy her beauty. Just the same,
620 He couldn't wait till the time came
To carry out his vile intention.
Meanwhile, he gave scant attention
To peacock or to swan or pheasant,
624 To wine the other guests found pleasant,
To anything at the royal feast
But Philomena. Slowly decreased
The appetites of those who dined;
628 Then they left the table to find
Servants with silver bowls who poured
Water for every noble lord,
So he could wash and dry his hands.
632 That accomplished, no one stands;
Each joins the others who relax
On couches. The talk can now be lax.
They say whatever comes to mind,
636 Wise or foolish-every kind
Of conversation, even crazy.
The servants, meanwhile, are not lazy,
But make beds ready for the night.
640 The thought of rest brings no delight
To Tereus-it is not sleep
He longs for; he'd prefer to keep
The maiden company, confiding
644 The feelings he has long been hiding.
"What? Do you mean she didn't know?"
"Do you think she'd have agreed to go
Had she realized his secret aim
648 Was to do her harm and bring her shame?"
For the other guests, the time passed
Agreeably until at last
They sought their well-made beds and slept.
652 But Tereus stayed awake; he kept
Tossing and turning. First he tried
The width of his bed, then the long side;
Got up many times; lay down again
656 With his eyes wide open. The other men,
Warm in their comfortable beds,
Did not so much as turn their heads,
Being completely unaware
660 That a madman lay among them there,
Ranting, raving because the night
Was taking so long to yield to light.
When he heard a horn call from the tower
664 Announcing the first morning hour,
Thirty marks of gold as a present
Wouldn't have seemed to him so pleasant.
He quickly ordered all his crew
668 To get up-there was a lot to do,
Because very soon they'd be departing.
Pandion learned that they were starting
The day; they'd want to leave before long.
672 Although he might have thought it wrong
And had a great desire to heed
His fears, he knew that, having agreed,
He must let his daughter go to Thrace.
676 And she was more than willing; no trace
Of apprehension marred her joy.
Thus what we expect to enjoy
Sometimes turns out to be ill-fated.
680 Philomena was quite elated.
She thought she'd have a pleasant sail,
Good winds would certainly prevail
To bring her there and safely back.
684 She didn't suffer from a lack
Of prudence; how could she understand
The horror Tereus had planned?
Who could anticipate such deeds?
688 And so the tyrant's plan succeeds.
They started toward the ship, escorted
By Pandion, who still exhorted
Tereus to keep remembering
692 The promise he had made to bring
Philomena back, and that he'd vowed
Not to exceed the time allowed.
To her the king said, "Oh, my dear!
696 Do not forget that I am here,
Longing for your return. Don't stay
Too long! Don't be too long away!
You-my well-being, my delight,
700 My joy-I must have you in my sight,
Or as long as we remain apart,
Live without comfort for my heart.
Dear daughter, come home soon, and then
704 I will know happiness again."
These words he endlessly repeated,
Embraced her, kissed her, and entreated.
Each time she turned to go on board,
708 He called her back to him, implored.
At last, since nothing could be done,
He commended her to the very one
Who would betray him; unaware,
712 He gave his sheep to the wolf's good care!
To such a shepherd gave his consent!
She's lost, if the tyrant won't repent,
Give up his vile insanity,
716 But that, it seems, is not to be:
All Tereus can think about
Is when he'll be able to start out.
Pandion weeps when at last he must
720 Say farewell, with a kiss of trust
To his vile son-in-law, whose mind
Is all intent on evil, blind
To everything but his own desires.
724 And now he has all that he requires,
With the maiden wholly in his hands.
Wind fills the sails as Pandion stands
Weeping. The ship is moving fast.
728 Rightly he weeps, for that's the last
Of his poor daughter he'll ever see.
He doesn't know there will never be
A homecoming for her; very near,
732 Now, is the worst that he could fear.
The tyrant, totally obsessed,
Brought her to a house he possessed,
An isolated, lonely place
736 In the tale of Chré´©en li Gois.[17]
Far from everything it stood,
Hidden away deep in a wood.
There were no people close at hand,
740 No towns, no cultivated land,
No roads, not even paths led there.
Philomena was kept unaware
That anything could be the matter
744 By Tereus's cheerful chatter,
And even finding herself alone
Inside with him, could not have known,
Although they were far from humankind,
748 The evil that he had in mind.
He draws her close with his right arm.
She doesn't think she'll come to harm,
Doesn't know what his move implies-
752 Too innocent to realize,
Despite his amorous embraces,
The real danger that she faces.
Whenever a thief need have no fear
756 That anything can interfere,
And he is free to do his worst,
He won't care which foot he puts first.
There's joy for him in wicked deeds;
760 If he has the daring that it needs,
Nothing can stop him. In the eyes
Of honorable men, loyal, wise,
Such crimes would be repugnant, wild.
764 But nothing in Tereus was mild
Or noble. Overwhelmingly strong
Was the impulse in him to do wrong.
At any cost, his heart required
768 That he obtain all he desired,
Whatever evil that involved.
Yet, courteously, he resolved
To see if he could win her heart
772 By wooing her, and not just start
Using his strength as an argument:
"I love you. I hope that you'll consent,
Beautiful one, to rejoice my heart.
776 But, so we won't soon have to part,
We must share our love in secret, here."
"Why is that, my lord? I hold you dear,
As indeed I should; why do you speak
780 Of concealing it? But if you seek
Unlawful love, there's no more to say."
"Agreed, if I can have my way!
So fervently do I admire
784 Your charms, so intense is my desire-
Please understand that have you I must!"
"Surely you would not abuse my trust,
My lord-you could not be so vile!
788 God forbid that you love me while
My sister is your lawful wife!
Don't betray her! Bring no strife
Among us! Never will I agree
792 To give Procne cause for jealousy.
I'll never do what she'd grieve to hear!"
"Oh, won't you?" "No!" "But you are here
To do exactly as I choose!
796 Nothing I ask can you refuse,
Like it or not. You can't prevent
My accomplishing my heart's intent."
"You can't really mean that!" "Here and now,
800 I am resolved to show you how!
And even if this place has spies,
I'm not concerned about prying eyes!"
He seizes her, and she resists,
804 Crying out as she turns and twists,
Frantic, so overwhelmed with fears
She is close to death. Color appears,
Flushing her face; then she turns pale
808 From rage and pain as her struggles fail,
And in anguish she must understand
That she had left her native land
In an evil hour for this disgrace.
812 "Traitor!" she cries, "what wicked race
Do you come from? Traitor! Evil man!
Tell me, traitor, what is your plan?
Why have you brought me here by guile?
816 Accursed traitor! Loathsome, vile!
Is there nothing, traitor, you respect?
You made a promise to protect
My honor, traitor! Solemnly swore
820 To bring me, safe and sound, once more
To my home, to my father, the king,
Who believed-traitor!-everything
You told him, putting aside his fears
824 Because he saw you shedding tears
And because he heard your sacred vow
To all your gods. Where are they now,
Those gods? Do you not see any need
828 For remembering your holy creed?
What happened to the tears that streamed
From your eyes, and to my father seemed
Proof of your honesty. I too
832 Saw you weeping and never knew,
Alas, that it was all deceit.
What is it makes you lie and cheat?
Traitor! You must be out of your mind!
836 But even now you still could find
A way to redeem yourself. There's time,
Even now, to renounce this crime
And repent before it is too late!"[18]
840 So she tried to avert her fate,
Poor maiden, but that was not to be.
The tyrant cared nothing for her plea
Or for repentance. Then and there,
844 Tereus brought all his strength to bear
Against her; and she fought until
He took his pleasure, though she fought still.
It's truly said: an evil deed
848 Another evil is bound to breed,
Feeding the first. Soon it will grow
And multiply; its foul source will show.
Tereus found, ready at hand,
852 A small, sharp knife, as if he'd planned
A crime to hide the first. He explained
He must make sure she never complained,
Never revealed to anyone
856 Her shame, the deed that he had done.
Just one stroke, and she would lose
Her tongue, and then what could she use
To tell of his betrayal? The act
860 Followed; seizing her tongue, he hacked
Almost half of it out. A foul crime
He thus committed a second time.
And then the tyrant left her there,
864 Locked in the house, where her despair,
Her weeping and the sounds she made,
Would not be heard. The men who stayed
Waiting nearby knew what their lord
868 Had done, but they could not afford
To say a word, because of fear;
It wasn't that they held him dear.
But Tereus did a foolish thing:
872 To guard Philomena, the king
Brought a peasant woman who, instead
Of farming, lived by spinning thread
And weaving cloth. Her daughter stayed
876 With her, being taught the trade.
And now the old woman, bidden
To keep Philomena hidden,
Had many questions. Most unwise
880 Was Tereus in his replies.
When the woman had no more to ask,
Tereus said it would be her task
To stay, without exception, near
884 Philomena; nothing must interfere.
Whatever was needed or desired,
Her constant presence would be required.
She swore to it convincingly;
888 Tereus felt he need not be
A moment longer in that place,
So he returned to his home in Thrace.
Procne had not the slightest doubt
892 Her husband would not come back without
Her sister. Great was the joy she had
In her heart, but she would not be glad
For very long. They were all there,
896 Her husband and his lords, but where
Was the one with whom she would rejoice?
Nothing she heard, no other voice,
Was welcome; she spoke no words of cheer,
900 "God save you" or "I'm glad you're here."
Scarcely waiting to be greeted,
Procne fearfully entreated,
"Why didn't Philomena come?
904 Where is she? Can't you give me some
Reason for this strange delaying?
Where did you leave her? Where's she staying?
Why didn't she come here instead?"
908 The cruel traitor bowed his head
And made his whole appearance suggest
That he was exceedingly depressed.
He gave an artificial sigh,
912 The better to conceal the lie
With which he planned to deceive his wife.
"My lady," he said, "in this sad life
We have to be resigned about
916 The things that we must do without."
"True, and your saying so makes me fear
That my sister won't be coming here."
"She won't; that cannot be denied."
920 "But what made Philomena decide
Against it?" "Of that I will not speak."
"Then, if you don't mind, I'll seek
The reason for myself, in Greece."
924 "Lady, if you will hold your peace,
I'll tell you what you want to know,
But I'd rather spare you such a blow.
Alas, you've made it all too plain
928 That, like it or not, I must explain."
Then, as before, the traitor sighed;
His tears flowed fast as he complied,
Craftily, with her request,
932 Knowing just what to say, how best
To make his falsehoods sound sincere.
"It grieves me very much, my dear,
To find myself obliged to bring
936 News that will cause you suffering.
Can't you guess how extremely bad
This news must be, if I'm so sad?
Believe me, I wish that I could keep
940 Silent about what makes me so weep
That nothing can hold back my tears.
I weep because the moment nears-
If I have the courage to speak out-
944 When you will no longer be in doubt.
Then you will know the reason why
I've been so unable to reply
To your questions. Now I'll put aside
948 My tender feelings." Then he sighed
Once more-but it wasn't from the heart-
And said what he'd planned to from the start:
"The messenger who brings bad news
952 Seems always to have no time to lose.
Your sister is dead. That is the fact."
"My sister's dead?" "That's what I lacked
The courage to tell you until now."
956 "Alas, poor girl!" "But you, somehow,
Must not give way to your heart's pain.
When sorrow comes we should not complain
Too much. Death will have its way.
960 All of us, good and bad, must pay
The debt we owe; early or late,
The time will come when we'll meet our fate-
We can't escape, so let's be resigned.
964 Death, in its season, came to find
Your sister; we should not forget
That she too had a mortal debt.
Grief and anguish must be borne,
968 For that is our lot. I pray you, mourn
Without excess what will come to all."
He thought to mix honey with the gall,
The bitterness that his false news
972 Had brought to Procne's heart. He used
Fine arguments to bring her relief
From suffering and soothe her grief.
But there was no way for him to reach
976 His wife with reasonable speech-
So far was she from being resigned,
She was very nearly out of her mind.
She said she was wretched, in despair,
980 Her sorrow was more than she could bear.
She struck her face, tore out her hair,
Cursed the gods, called Death unfair:
"Death," she said, "it was a mistake
984 To kill my sister. Nature will take
Revenge! You have desecrated
A loveliness that she created
Without equal. Death, you would do
988 Great kindness if you'd take me too.
Death, why are you so cruel to me?
Why won't you send my soul to be
With Philomena's? Only then
992 Will I know happiness again.
Death, why must I wait so long
To die? Surely it must be wrong
That I live on and never know
996 Anything but bitter woe.
If I should live a hundred years,
Never could I exhaust my tears.
Come, Death, and you yourself will be free;
1000 You need only make an end of me.
Are you too far to hear me plead?
Can you not help me in my need?
If you want peace, you'll understand
1004 That you must do what I command.
The rest of my days, remembering
This anguish, grief, and suffering,
I shall always dress in mourning black.
1008 To do otherwise would show a lack
Of deference to the custom here:
We grieve for those whom we hold dear."
Promptly whatever she required
1012 Was prepared for her, and then, attired
In black, she said she'd never wear
Different clothes, except ones less fair.
A sacrificial bull was brought
1016 To please the gods; its blood was caught
In a vessel-not a drop was spilled-
And when the animal had been killed,
She commanded that a fire be lit
1020 In the temple for consuming it.
Thus she followed in the ways
Of their ancestors in olden days,
Who made offerings when they adored
1024 Pluto. That was the overlord
Of the devils, and the ugliest,
Even more frightful than the rest.
Procne's command was soon obeyed:
1028 At Pluto's altar a fire was laid,
And in order to increase the smoke,
The custom of the Thracian folk
Was to give the bull then to the flame.
1032 Procne vowed that the very same
Sacrifice would be made each year
In hope that the mighty god would hear
Her prayers and treat her sister well,
1036 Giving her peace and joy in hell,
Where she would have an honored place.
As soon as there was but little trace
Of the sacrifice, its flesh and bone
1040 Reduced to embers and ash alone,
She poured the bull's blood on the spot
And put the remains in a white pot,
Each particle that could be found.
1044 Then Procne buried it in the ground
Under a marble coffin, dark gray,
Which then was lowered. When it lay
In place, an image dreadful to see-
1048 A statue of the divinity-
Was set up at one end of the grave;
For Pluto had the power to save
The wretched souls who burn in hell,[19]
1052 And he rules the devils there as well.
In letters easy to read and fair,
Inscribed on the marble was this prayer:
"Pluto, of hell the lord and king,
1056 I pray you accept this offering.
Have mercy, god, upon the one
For whom the sacrifice was done.
Wherever it is her body lies,
1060 May her soul find favor in your eyes."
So, with great devotion, Procne
Sacrificed to the deity,
Hoping by careful rites to save
1064 Her dear sister's soul from a grave
She wasn't in! She wasn't dead,
But the life Philomena led
Was a burden to her, bitter grief
1068 Renewed each day without relief
By that traitor, vile demon inflamed
By love. She was saddened, ashamed,[20]
Because he'd made of her his treasure,
1072 Using his strength to take his pleasure
From one he had cruelly betrayed.
She was very much in need of aid,
And longed to let her sister know
1076 What had become of her, but no
Plan for reaching her came to mind.
Even if Philomena could find
A messenger, deprived of speech,
1080 How could she tell her woes and reach
Her sister? If someone could be sent,
Procne would not know what was meant.
Philomena could not express
1084 Her grief, and was under such duress
That no matter by what means she tried,
She could find no way to go outside.
Why? What is standing in her way?
1088 That peasant woman in the pay
Of Tereus was there on guard,
And evading her was much too hard.
Always she was looking about;
1092 Though Philomena tried to slip out
A thousand times, she did not succeed.
But finally her urgent need
Reminded her of something not
1096 Unimportant: she'd seen a lot
Of spinning there, done by the two
Who guarded her, and so she knew
That for their needlework they possessed
1100 Equipment enough to make the best
Embroidered fabrics. She understood[21]
There was a means by which she could
Inform her sister of her fate.
1104 Then Philomena didn't wait
A moment, but hurried to the box
Where the old woman kept her stocks,
Her skeins and balls of embroidery thread.
1108 Philomena went right ahead,
Helped herself to everything there,
And then, taking the greatest care,
Began to work on her design.
1112 The old woman gave no sign
Of objecting to this activity,
And even was disposed to be
Helpful. She willingly acquired
1116 Whatever she thought would be required
For Philomena's enterprise,
Gave her the right tools and supplies
Of beautifully colored thread,
1120 Indigo, yellow, green, and red.
She certainly didn't understand
What Philomena really planned,
But admired and appreciated
1124 The fabric that was being created.
She herself worked on a bit
At one end, and saw the craft of it.
Philomena's workmanship
1128 Depicted, first of all, the ship
In which King Tereus crossed the sea
And came to Athens; then how he
Behaved there, how he took her to Thrace,
1132 Brought her to a deserted place,
Raped her, and after that cut out[22]
Her tongue. All this she told about[23]
In her needlework, and with great skill
1136 Portrayed the house where she was still
A captive, deep in the woods where none
Could find her. When her work was done
As perfectly as she could make it,
1140 She needed someone who would take it
To her sister. Philomena's grief
And anguish would have much relief
If she could find a messenger,
1144 But no solution occurred to her.
In that house they were only three.
The old woman would not agree
To go, or let her daughter be sent,
1148 And Philomena never went
Outside the house-she'd never found,
In six months' time, a way around
Their vigilance. But now so great
1152 Was her desire to communicate,
That the new signs she invented
Touched the old woman, who consented
To give whatever help was needed.
1156 Large and small requests were heeded
With one exception: even now,
She absolutely would not allow
Philomena to go outside.
1160 By the king's order this was denied,
And the woman had to keep her word.
But after long sorrow, hope stirred
In Philomena's heart; there would be
1164 An end to her harsh captivity.
One day, with her guard, she stood
At a window-now at last she could
Look out that way, or from a door.
1168 That had never been allowed before,
Since the tyrant, greatly to be blamed,
Had left her a captive, raped and maimed.
Not unhappily standing so,
1172 Philomena saw the river flow,
And between it and the woods, the town
Where her sister lived! Then tears ran down
Her cheeks and she was weeping so
1176 Bitterly it seemed as though
Nothing could ever comfort her.
If her guard could only discover
How to relieve Philomena's woe,
1180 The woman would be quick to show
Her change of heart. She felt such great
Pity for Philomena's state
That she had no wish to be unkind,
1184 Except that, as always, she declined
To let the captive go outside.
Many times Philomena tried
Other requests, and she perceived
1188 That these were always well received.
When it seemed a propitious moment,
She took her embroidery and went
To where the peasant woman waited.
1192 Easily they communicated;
Philomena's signs were understood
So well, it was almost as good
As talking in the usual way.
1196 She touched the woman then to say
In gestures her hope that she'd agree
To send the finished embroidery
To the city in her daughter's care,
1200 A gift for the queen residing there.
Her guard found all this very clear;
There seemed nothing for her to fear
In giving Philomena her way-
1204 And why should there be any delay?
She thought only good would come of it,
That Philomena would benefit,
As she herself no doubt expected:
1208 Who, getting such a gift, neglected
To give the donor a fair return?
The old woman was glad to learn
Why Philomena had done that work;
1212 If help was needed, she wouldn't shirk.
Philomena felt a great relief
From anger, bitterness, and grief.
She hoped that just as soon as Procne
1216 Learned where she was, she'd be set free.
Procne should have the news before long.
A proverb says that it is wrong
Not to be prompt in doing a deed
1220 When one has a good chance to succeed;
So had Philomena proceeded,
Once she realized what was needed
To start and finish her own task.
1224 The old woman saw no need to ask
Questions; it seemed quite innocent,
And her daughter could indeed be sent.
"There's something you must do for me,
1228 My girl: take this embroidery
And give it to the queen, right away.
Keep your wits about you. Don't delay
Going there or returning here."
1232 Now Philomena's tears disappear;
She takes great comfort from the thought
That when her embroidery is brought
To Procne, she will understand,
1236 And deliverance will be at hand.
The messenger really does her best,
Not stopping even once to rest
Until she reaches her destination
1240 And nicely makes her presentation.
When she unfolds the cloth, the queen
Knows very well what its pictures mean,
But she is not inclined to share
1244 Her thoughts. Wanting no one else aware,
She makes no outcry. The messenger
Is dismissed, and Procne follows her.
Not so close that she would be seen,
1248 But not too far away, the queen
Keeps a safe distance from her guide,
Until she finds herself outside
A bolted door. Quite out of her mind,
1252 She doesn't speak or try to find
Someone to help, but with all her might
Kicks it. Paralyzed with fright,
The peasant woman plays deaf and dumb,
1256 But Philomena knows who has come.
She gives a great cry and rushes past
The guard, who tries to hold her fast,
Shaking all over from fear as more
1260 Blows and kicks weaken the door,
Whose hinges yield with a sharp crack!
The woman cannot help but jump back;
She runs for fear of what is outside
1264 And locks herself in a room to hide.
Procne bursts in once the way is clear,
Shouting, half-crazed, so her sister will hear,
"Where are you, Philomena? I'm here,
1268 Your sister! There is nothing to fear!"
With tears flowing down her face,
Philomena runs toward her embrace,
And Procne runs with all her might
1272 To meet her sister and hold her tight.
"Philomena, come away with me!
Too long it's been since you were free.
Would you had never seen the day
1276 When I was wed and taken away
By that traitor who misused you so
That you cannot speak to me. Let's go
Quickly and leave this place of crime."
1280 Then toward the city, all the time
Lamenting, shedding tears, they flee,
Following secret ways where Procne
Knows that they will not be found.
1284 Then, in a chamber under the ground,
They grieve freely; no one else is there.
Procne says, "I cannot bear
To see you reduced to such a state
1288 And have no way to retaliate.
God grant that his cruelty to you
Receive the vengeance that is due,
That the traitor pay for what he's done!"
1292 And as she said these words, her son
Unluckily came into the room
Destined to be his place of doom.
He was a truly handsome boy,
1296 But that day Procne did not enjoy
The sight of him. In a quiet voice
She spoke words that were the Devil's choice:
"Ha! What I see here is a thing
1300 That looks too much like that traitor king!
Bitter, bitter your death will be
Because of your father's villainy.
You are the one who'll pay for his crime.
1304 You'll have to die before your time,
Unjustly die for just one reason:
Innocent though you are of treason,
And though you're not the one who's hated,
1308 Never before has God created
Anyone else, any other pair
So much alike-to that I swear;
That's why I will cut off your head."
1312 The child heard nothing his mother said.
He ran to greet her; when she was kissed
So joyfully, how could she persist
In the frightful plan she had in mind?
1316 Nature ordains for humankind,
As human law itself requires
And the pity in our hearts desires,
That no mother could have the will
1320 To mutilate her child, or kill.
But Procne's thoughts turned again
To that king forsworn, vilest of men,
By whom her sister had been defiled.
1324 Far from reassuring the child,
She said that he would soon be dead,
And with his flesh his father fed.
This was all that could compensate
1328 For Philomena's tragic fate.
Even as, lovingly, her son
Embraced her, the Devil's will was done.
Pride made her listen to what he said,
1332 And do evil, cut off her child's head
And give it to Philomena. They shared
In the cooking of the meat, prepared
Not in just one way, but in two:
1336 Some they put in a pot for stew
And some they roasted. When at last
The necessary time had passed,
The roast and stew were ready to eat,
1340 But Procne was careful to complete
All details of her preparation;
Then she offered her invitation
To the unsuspicious king. Her wish
1344 Is that he dine on a special dish,
She says; it's what he loves the best.
She would, if he doesn't mind, suggest
That for this occasion he'll require
1348 Neither a companion nor a squire.
Unless he objects to it, she'd prefer
That this once he dine alone with her.
She will take care of everything
1352 Without any other help. The king
Agrees, but he makes one request.
He says there must be another guest:
Itis, his son. Then, with Procne,
1356 He'd need no other company.
Procne replies, "I'll take good care,
I promise you, to have him there.
But you and Itis and I will be
1360 Alone; the feast is only for three.
No one else is even to know
Where we will be. And now let's go.
Everything's ready. I know the fare
1364 Was prepared with very special care;
It cannot fail to please your taste."
So, through her words, the king faced
The truth, but he could not have guessed
1368 How he'd be treated as Procne's guest.
Don't think she wanted to reveal
That his own son would be his meal!
Tereus does not hesitate
1372 To follow his wife, who leads him straight
Into the room where they will dine,
And her arrangements seem to him fine.
Procne gives him a comfortable seat.
1376 She's set the table where he will eat;
On it a lovely white cloth lies.
She brings him one of Itis's thighs.
Tereus carves and eats and drinks,
1380 But he tells Procne that he thinks
Itis really should be there.
"Where is he, lady? Didn't you swear
That he would come and join us here?"
1384 "You'll have had enough of him, I fear,
Before long. Itis isn't far,
And truly, my lord, your worries are
Quite useless. If he's not here yet,
1388 He won't delay." Procne went to get
Another piece of roasted meat,
And Tereus, cutting more to eat,
Continued, even as he dined,
1392 Asking his wife to go and find
Itis. "I am sorry to see
How you honor your word to me.
Clearly, you don't have the least
1396 Intention that Itis share this feast.
I have no messenger at hand,
And so, my lady, I command
That you yourself go seek him out."
1400 Procne could not reply without
Telling the king how he had dined;
Nor was she at all inclined
Now to fashion words to hide
1404 The truth. "What you seek is inside
Your own body, but not every bit.
There still remains a part of it
Outside you." Philomena, who'd been
1408 Concealed in a nearby room, just then
Comes out with Itis's head in her hands,
And doesn't pause until she stands
In front of Tereus. She throws
1412 The head, from which the blood still flows,
At his face. Knowing he'd been betrayed,
Tereus for a moment stayed
Silent and sat there paralyzed.
1416 With shame and anguish he realized
It was the head of Itis, his son.
He was ashamed of what he'd done.
His blood boiled and his rage doubled,
1420 Bitterly his heart was troubled;
He understood what was the meat
Procne had given him to eat.
The pain he felt at his disgrace
1424 Made the color come and go in his face
When he saw Philomena. But shame
Left him as quickly as it came;
The king's mind was entirely filled
1428 With vengeful thoughts-his son had been killed,
So Philomena and his wife
Would each pay for Itis with her life!
As the sisters savored his defeat,
1432 Tereus, raging, leaped to his feet
And kicked down the table; everything
Crashed to the ground, and then the king
Saw hanging on the wall a sword
1436 And grabbed it. The sisters couldn't afford
Another moment in that place!
They ran, and Tereus gave chase,
Threatening, as they tried in vain
1440 To escape, that they would soon be slain.
He chased them to an open door,
Where something never seen before-
A very great miracle indeed-
1444 Happened, as the Fates decreed.
Tereus was changed into a bird,
Old and scrawny, ugly, absurd.
The little claws that tried to grip
1448 His sword were forced to let it slip.
It was a hoopoe he became[24]
In punishment for his crime, the shame
Inflicted on a maiden-so
1452 The story tells us. And we know
That Procne was changed into a swallow.
Philomena does not forget her woe.
A nightingale, famed for her song,
1456 She still accuses those who do wrong,
The traitors, liars; seeks to destroy
Those who have no respect for joy,
And those vile felons who mistreat,
1460 Slander, and abuse and cheat
Honorable maidens, gentle, wise.
Woodlands still resound with her cries.
After the winter months have passed
1464 And summer is beginning at last,
Her sweetest song comes from her woes
And bitter hatred of her foes.
"Kill! Kill!" demands the nightingale;[25]
1468 And here I'll end Philomena's tale.

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